Chippewa Language Preeminent in Historic Terms for Birds

Annals of history from across decades indicate that the Chippewa Tribe had a vivid and rich variety of terms related to birds. The wordly expanse of the language shows a definitive knowledge of species and how the winged ones were a prominent aspect of tribal lore and mythology.

The history started with details published in 1778, from the journal of John Long, wherein there weren't any notes on living birds, but was a fine set of terminology from Nipigon Bay. The following list provides a designated term based on the term given in the published source, and the tribal term.

Term Designation - Given Term - Native Term

Bird - All small birds - pennyshance

Bird - Fowl, or birds - pennyshis

Crane - Crane - kitchee carbo

Crow, American - Crow - cark cark

Duck - Wild duck - sheshib

Egg - Eggs - wark in

Feather - Feathers - pequim

Goose - Wild goose - neecark

Loon - Loon - maunk

Nest - Nest - wesshepatchta

Plover - Plover - gueveshew

Ptarmigan - Partridge - peenay

Swan - Swan - kitchee meework

Turkey, Wild - Wild Turkey - weenecobbo

Wing - Wing - gwimbitch

The list conveys how the people knew a number of the prominent species of the tribal territory.

A relatively short few year later, there was another set of terms issued, based on the J. Long, publishing his account in 1791 of "Voyages and travels of an Indian interpreter and trader, describing the manners and customs of the North American Indians; with an account of the posts situated on the river Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, &c. to which is added a vocabulary..."

Bird - All small birds - pennyshance

Bird - Fowl, or birds - pennyshis

Crane - Crane - kitchee carbo

Duck - Wild duck - sheeshib

Duck - Wild duck - sheshib

Eagle - Eagle - meegeezes

Egg - Egg - manneguk

Egg - Eggs - wark

Feather - Feathers of birds - pequim

Fowl - Birds, or fowl - pinneyshis

Goose - Wild goose - neecark

Loon - Loon - maunk

Plover - Plover - gueveshew

Quail - Partridge - peenay

Swan - Swan - kitchee meework

Turkey, Wild - Turkey - weenecobbo

Wing - Wing of birds - gwimbitch

In 1828, John Summerfield wrote a sketch of the grammar of the Chippeway language from tribes in Michigan, which was issued by the Canada Conference Missionary Society. There were more than twenty terms of interest. This particular source was interim between the reminiscences of explorers and the details given by missionaries which followed, and were requisite for the holy men to communicate with the native people, in their efforts to convert them to a white-man's religious beliefs.

Bird - Cock; bird has derived its name from its crowing; so nearly all birds - pahkahahquay

Blackbird - Black-bird - ahsegenak

Bobwhite, Northern - Quail - mahskoodaysay

Coot, American - Mud-hen - mahnoomenekashee

Crane - Crane - ahshahgeh

Crow, American - Crow - kahgahgehshee

Duck - Duck - shesheeb

Duck - Duck species - ahahwa

Eagle - Eagle - megezeh

Feather quill - Feather, quill - megwon

Fowl - Fowls - penasewug

Goose, Canada - Wild goose - nekah

Grouse - Partridge - penaih

Gull - Gull - kahyask

Meadowlark, Eastern - Meadow-lark - moonegwana

Nest - Nest - wahzeswon

Owl - Owl - kookookoo-ooh

Pigeon, Passenger - Pigeon - omemee

Rail - Water-hen - ahjegahdashib

Raven, Common - Raven - ahndaig

Robin, American - Robin - opecheh

Turkey, Wild - Turkey - mezhesay

Wing - Wing - onegwegun

Woodpecker - Wood-pecker - pahpahsay

When Rev. Frederic Baraga was a missionary in the upper peninsula on the shore of Lake Superior, an essential aspect of his unforgettable legacy is a dictionary of the language of the native people he talked with on an intimate, conversational basis among the northern woods.

This priest of the Roman Catholic religion went west in 1843 to a place now called L'Anse — a place on the upper peninsula of a state now called Michigan because of some big inland lake — to teach Indians about the great heavenly spirit to which meaningful prayers should be directed. Communication with some understanding was essential, so during the subsequent years, Father Baraga obviously learned the intricacies of the native language, and wrote down the details on some type of paper or parchment, for later compilation and eventual publication.

Father Baraga's profound result was "A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English," for the Chippewa Tribe, also applied to ancillary tribes, designated as the Ottawa, Pottawattamie and Algonquins.

Lake Superior — Otchipwe-kitchigami — was the "sea of the Chippewas" and its western lands were a focal point for this sublime investigation of the words used by the local tribe where the father spent his valuable time.

For the birds known to tribes-men, Rev. Baraga's dictionary provided several new terms for tribal language known for the annals of historic ornithology. The terminology is among the best because of its variety of defined words for the winged ones. This 662-page dictionary conveys a vivid understanding for a language rich in verbiage beyond simplistic terminology. There are terms of many variations for very specific, particular actions. Such subtlety is given.

This is a list of so many bird-related terms among the multitude of definitions, providing an interpreted term, the English term given in the dictionary, and the original, tribal term, though without any of the particular typographic subtleties given within the original volume published at Cincinnati:

The same year the dictionary was published, Reverend Baraga became a bishop in the church.

Term Designation	Given Term	Native Term
Beak	Beak	okoj
Beak	It has a long beak	ginikoje
Beak	It has a short beak	takokoje
Beak	Raven's beak	kagagiwikoj
Beak	The bird carries something in his beak	nimaige bineshi
Bill	Bill	masinaigans
Bird	A kind of bird	pashkandamo
Bird	A kind of white bird	odamaweshi
Bird	A large bird	binessi
Bird	A small bird	bineshi
Bird	Another kind of nightingale	sasina
Bird	bastard-loon	ashimang
Bird	Eagle-fighter (bird)	mi'gi-san-na-nis'-si
Bird	Giant's bird	windigobineshi
Bird	Honey-bird	nonokasse
Bird	Nightingale	gaskaskanedji
Bird	Red bird	natchinamanessi
Bird	Redbreast (bird)	memiskondini-manguneshi
Bird	South bird	ja-wa'-ni-bi-ne'-shi
Bird	Tamed bird	awakan
Bird	Young animal or bird	oshki-aiaans
Bird	Young little bird	panadja
Bird, female	Female of birds	najesse
Bird, male	Male of birds	nabesse
Bittern	Bittern	moshkaossi, ganawabimogisissweshi
Blackbird	A kind of black bird	makateinnak
Blackbird	A kind of black bird	segibanwanishi
Blackbird	Starling (bird)	assiginak; nadjinamanessi
Bluebird	A kind of blue bird	ojawane
Chicken	Chicken	panadja; pakaakwens
Claw	Eagle's claw	magisiwiganj
Claw	Loon's foot	mangosid
Crane	Crane	adjidjad
Crane, Whooping	White crane	wabadjidjak
Crest	Cock's crest	pakaakwe o patakibinweon
Crop	Crop or craw of a bird	omodai
Crop	This bird has a large crop	mangomodais aw bineshi
Crossbill	Cross-bill, cross-beak	ajidekoneshi
Crow	The cock crows	masitagosi pakaakwe
Crow, American	Crow	andek
Crow, American	Young crow	andekons
Curlew	Curlew	patashkanje
Dove, Mourning	Dove (domestic pigeon)	wabmimi; wab?minsi
Dove, Mourning	Turtle-dove	omimi
Dove, Mourning	Young turtle-dove	omimins
Down	Small soft feather (down); down (soft underfeather)	missegwanan
Duck	A kind of autumn duck	pikwakoshib
Duck	A large kind of duck	ininishib
Duck	A very fat duck	pakojishib
Duck	Another kind of duck	ansig; jingibiss; kinishtinokweshib; siamo; wakeiawishib
Duck	Beaver-duck	amikoshib
Duck	Duck	jishib
Duck	Duck with a long neck	ginogweiaweshib
Duck	Duck with a short neck	du-qua'-que-we'-shib
Duck	Duck; pigeon-tail (a kind of wild duck)	aawe
Duck	White duck	wabansig; wabininishb
Duck, American Black	Black duck	makateshib
Eagle	Another kind of eagle	wabijakwe
Eagle	Black eagle	missansi
Eagle	Eagle	migisi
Eagle	War-eagle	kiniw
Eagle	Young eagle	migisins
Egg	Egg	wanan
Egg	Gull's egg	guiashkwawan
Egg	Hen's egg	pakaakwewawan; pakaskwawawan
Egg	Hen's egg	pakaakwawawan
Egg	Small egg	wawanons
Egg shell	Shell of an egg	wawan anugaawana
Egg white	White of the egg	wabawan; wabishkag wawan
Egg yolk	Yolk of an egg	miskwawan; miskwawandjigan; osawag wawan; osawawan
Feather	Feather	migwan
Feather	Feather of a large bird	binessiwigwan
Feather	Feather of a small bird	binashiwigwan
Feather	I have a plume of feathers on my head	nin nimashkaige
Feather	Large feather	kitchigwunan
Feather	Plume of feathers	nimashkaigan; migwangena; patakibinweon
Feather	The bird is naked, has no feathers	pashkosi, papashkosi bineshi,
Feather	White feather	wabigwan
Flight	Flight	ojimowin
Flight	Flight (of birds); flying	bimissewin
Flight	The bird flies low	tabassisse bineshi
Flight	The bird flies quick	kijisse bineshi
Flight	The bird has his wings closed	nabwangeshka bineshi
Flight	The bird starts	pasigwao bineshi
Flock	The birds are together, by troops	bimaamog binessiwag
Fly	I fly up in the air	nind ombisse
Fly	It flies about	babamisse
Fly	It flies around	giwitasse
Fly	It flies from	ondjisse
Fly	It flies from	ondjibide
Fly	It flies hither	bidjibide; bidjisse
Fly	It flies in	pindigesse
Fly	It flies off (something)	madjibide
Fly	It flies out (a bird)	sagidjisse
Fly	It flies round	bijibasse
Fly	It flies up	ombibide
Goose	Another kind of wild goose	obijashkissi
Goose	Wild goose	nika
Goose, Snow	White goose	wabwewe
Grouse	Marsh-partridge	mashkodesse
Grouse	Partridge	bind
Grouse	The partridge shakes his wings	gwigwinguso bind
Grouse	Tree on which the partridge shakes his wings	gwigwingwaowatig
Grouse	Young partridge	bindus
Gull	Gull	guiashk
Gull	Young gull	gaiashkons
Hen	Hen	pakaakwe; ikwe-pakaakwe
Hunting ducks	I hunt ducks	nin nandoshibe; nin nodjishibe
Hunting partridge	I hunt partridge	nin nand abinewe
Hunting pigeons	I hunt pigeons	nin nandaomimi; nin nodjomimiwe
Jay	Jay	pikwakokweweshi
Jay, Gray	A kind of gray bird	okanisse
Junco, Dark-eyed	Snow-bird	wabaningosi
Kingfisher, Belted	Fisher (bird)	okishkimanisse
Kingfisher, Belted	Kingfisher (bird)	ogishkimanissi
Lapwing, Northern	Lapwing (bird)	meningwane
Lark	Lark	kikibikomeshi
Loon	Loon	mang
Loon	Young loon	mangons
Magpie	A kind of small magpie	gwingwishi
Magpie, Black-billed	Magpie	apishkagogi
Merganser	Saw-bill	ansig
Moult	The bird is moulting	pinigwane bineski
Nest	Nest	wasisswan
Nest	The bird builds its nest	wasisswanike bineshi
Osprey	Fish-hawk	mitchiyigwans
Owl	A kind of small owl	kokobo
Owl	A kind of small owl	gwengowia
Owl	Another kind of owl	peshkwe
Owl, Great Horned	Horned owl	wewendjigano
Pigeon, Passenger	Wild pigeon	omimi
Pigeon, Passenger	Young wild pigeon	omimine
Pigeon, Rock	Domestic pigeon	wabomemi
Pigeon, Rock	Young domestic pigeon	wabmimins
Plover	Plover (bird)	tchitchwishkiwe
Pluck	Pick; I pick a bird	nin pushkobina bineshi
Raptor	A kind of prey-bird	tehains
Raven, Common	Raven	kagagi
Screech-Owl, Eastern	Screetchowl	kakabishe
Shoveler, Northern	Spoonbill (bird)	jede
Snipe, Wilson's	Snipe	padashkaanji; manominikeshi
Song	The bird warbles	masitagosi bineshi; wiiagweweto
Swallow	Swallow (bird)	jashawanibissi
Swan	A kind of small swan	manabisi
Swan	Swan	wabisi
Swan	Young swan	wabisins
Tail	Tail of a bird	wanashkid
Tail	Tail of a large bird	binessi-wanashkid
Tail	Tail of a small bird	bineshi-wanishkid
Teal	Teal (duck)	sagataganishib; wewibingwange
Thrasher	Trasher [thrasher]	apagandaigewinini
Thrush	Thrush (bird)	opitchi
Turkey, Wild	Turkey (bird)	misisse
Turkey, Wild	Wild turkey	pagwadji-misisse
Turkey, Wild	Young turkey	misissens
Vulture, Turkey	Vulture	winange
Wing	Wing	ningwigan
Woodcock, American	Woodcock	padjashkaanji
Woodpecker	White wood-pecker	wabipapasse
Woodpecker	Wood-pecker	meme; pakweamo; papasse; bigwakokweoweshi

So notable here from this historic work worthy of special appreciation, is the array of various terms — active and passive, or, noun and verb — for different birds and related aspects of avian focus. The translative variety applies to the entire specter of daily living for the tribe. This was a rich language equivalent with the subtle nuances of any modern language.

The Indians readily knew a variety of fowl in their tribal area which is now part of upper Michigan, and though given in the lexicon, particulars on the species are lacking through some limitation in interpretation. Despite this, there are no other known dictionaries, which have such a variety of terms for egg, or for fly or flight, for example. There are obviously some vague definitions for terms that are just too limited to allow giving an identity for a particular type of bird species.

No other linguistic source mentioned the tree upon which the partridge shakes its wings, or the notable term, gwigwingwaowatig with its uncertain pronunciation unknown in an era more than 150 years beyond its inscription.

"Kijisse bineshi," would be a good exclamation for when particular birds are going low across the horizon.

Or, when doing a survey for a bird atlas project, the term "nimaige bineshi," would certainly be apropos to note an adult bird taking food to its young.

Considering the multitude of other terms within the dictionary, it seems it would be readily possible to write something using an interpreted understanding of the original Indian language. What an interesting endeavor this would be!

With the burgeoning publication of specific article on birds due to the arrival of various ornithological journals, W.W. Cooke paid particular attention to a somewhat focused nomenclature. His list issued in 1884, in the first volume of the Auk, was prepared from knowledge of the Chippewa of White Earth, Minnesota, gained from a three years' residence. The introductory text indicated that the tribal members knew more about species present in the winter — when birds were scarce — than during the summer. The men of the tribe were recognized for an extraordinary skill in identifying ducks in flight at a distance. The birds also were recognized for their importance in tribal mythology for youngsters.

Term Designation	Given Term	Native Term
Bittern, American	American bittern	mosh-ka-was-shi
Bittern, Least	Least bittern; the bird that looks at the sun	ga-na-wa'-bi-mo-gi'-zis-si-swesh'-in
Blackbird	Blackbird	as-sig'-g-nak
Blackbird, Red-winged	Red-winged blackbird; red-shouldered bird	me'-mis-ko-di'-ni-mang-a-ne'-shi
Blackbird, Yellow-headed	Yellow-headed blackbird; little Sioux blackbird	bwan-ence'-as-sig'-gi-nak
Bluebird, Easter	Bluebird, the blue colored bird; blue colered bird	o-zou-wash'-ko-bi-ne'-shi
Bobolink	Bobolink; Chicago bird; skunk bird, from the white stripe down back	shi-ka'-go-bi-ne'-shi
Brant	Brant	we'-we
Bufflehead	Butterball; shot eater, because it is so hard to hit	wa-ke'-i-a'-wi-shib'
Bunting, Snow	Snow bunting; morning star bird	wa'-bu-nong-o'-zi
Catbird, Gray	Catbird	ma-ma'-dwe-bi-ne'-shi
Chickadee, Black-capped	Black-capped chickadee	kitch'-i-kitch-i-ga'-ne-shi
Coot, American	American coot; legs hanging down behind	a'-tchi-ga-deg'
Cormorant, Double-crested	Double-crested cormorant; raven duck	ka-gog'-i-shib
Cowbird, Brown-headed	Cowbird; small blackbird	a-ga'-jid-as-sig'-gi-nak
Crane, Sandhill	Sandhill crane	a-gi-gak'
Crane, Whooping	Whooping crane	wab'-a-gi-gak'
Crossbill	Crossbill; having a crossed bill	a'-ji-de-ko-ne'-shi
Crow, American	Crow	an-deg'
Cuckoo	Cuckoo	pi-gua-o-ko'-que-o-we'-shi
Dove, Mourning	Mourning dove; tame dove; white pigeon	wa'-ba-mi'-mi
Duck	Duck; a beaver duck	a-mik'-o-shib
Duck, American Black	Black mallard; black duck	muk-ud-e'-shib
Duck, Ring-billed	Ring-billed blackhead; fall duck	tu-gua'-go-shib
Duck, Wood	Wood Duck	si-a-mo'
Eagle, Bald	Bald eagle	mi'-gi-zi
Eagle, Bald	Man eagle	ini'-ni-zi
Eagle, Golden	Golden eagle; war eagle of the Chippewas	gi-neu'
Flicker, Northern	Yellow-shafted flicker; bird with dirty colored wings	mo-ning'-gua-ne'
Golden-Plover, American	Golden plover; yellow crane sandpiper	o-za'-wa-gi'-gak-o-chu-is-ki-wen'
Goldeneye, Common	American golden-eye; arrow duck	mud-we-ang'-ge-shib; pi-kwa'-ko-shib
Goldfinch, American	American goldfinch	bi-yung'
Goose, Canada	Canada Goose	ni-ka'
Goose, Greater White-fronted	White-fronted goose	a-pish'-ni-ka'
Goose, Snow	Snow goose; suspect it is the snow goose	ma'-na-bi-si
Goshawk, Northern	Goshawk	ki-bwan'-i-si
Grackle, Common	Purple grackle; big blackbird	chi-as-sig-gi-nak
Grebe, Horned or Eared Grebe	Horned grebe, or eared grebe; big diver	kitch'-i-shin'-gi-bis
Grebe, Pied-billed	Thick-billed grebe	shin'-gi-bis
Grosbeak, Evening	Evening grosbeak	pash-kan'-da-mo
Grosbeak, Pine	Pine grosbeak	o-ka-nis'-se
Grouse	Grouse	bi-ne'
Grouse, Ruffed	Ruffed grouse	wen'-gi-da-bi-ne'
Grouse, Spruce	Canada Grouse; prairie bird	mus-ko-de'-se
Gull and terns	Gulls and terns	kai-osk'
Harrier, Northern	Marsh hawk; snake hunter	o-no'-gi-gi-neb-i-que'-si
Hawk	Cooper's hawk and sharp-shinned hawk	ke-kek'
Hawk	Hawk	ke-kek'
Hawk, Cooper's	Cooper's hawk; hairy hawk	mish'-i-ke-kek
Hawk, Red-tailed	Red-tailed Hawk; small red hawk	mis'-qua-na-ni'-si
Hawk, Rough-legged	Rough-legged hawk; black hawk	mu-ku-de'-ke-kek'
Hawk, Swainson's	Swainson's hawk	tchai-ince'
Heron, Great Blue	Great blue heron	shu-shu'-ga
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated	Ruby-throated hummer	non-o-ka'-si
Jay, Blue	Blue jay	jan-di'-si
Jay, Gray	Canada jay	guin-gui'-shi
Junco, Dark-eyed	Black snowbird	bu-te'-shi-wish
Kestrel, American	Sparrow hawk	pi-pi'-gi-wi-zance'
Killdeer	Killdeer; big prairie sandpiper	mus-ko-de'-chi-chi-ji'-twish-ki-wen'
Kingbird, Eastern	Kingbird; cannibal bird	win'-di-go-bi-ne-shi
Kingfisher, Belted	Kingfisher	o-gish'-ki-mun-is-si'
Kite, Swallow-tailed	Swallow-tailed kite; big swallow	kitch'-i-shau-shau'-won-ni-bi'-si
Lark, Horned	Shore lark; yellow snow bunting	o-za'-wa-wa'-bu-nong-o'-zi
Loon	Loon	mang
Magpie, Black-billed	Magpie	a-pish'-ka-gog-i'
Mallard	Mallard; female mallard; white mallard	wab'-i-ni-ni-shib'
Mallard	Mallard; man duck	i-ni'-ni-shib'
Martin, Purple	Purple martin; black swallow	mu-ke-de'-shau-shau'-wun-ni-bi'-si
Merganser	Sheldrakes	an'-zig
Merganser, Common	American Sheldrake; big sheldrake	kitch-i-an'-zig
Merganser, Hooded	Hooded sheldrake; sharp-billed duck	gi-ni-ko-ne'-shib
Merganser, Red-breasted	Red-breasted merganser; yellow sheldrake	o-ga-wan'-zig
Nighthawk, Common	Nighthawk	besh-que'
Nuthatch, Red-breasted	Red-bellied nuthatch	ki-ki-bi'-di-ko-me'-shi
Nuthatch, White-breasted	White-bellied nuthatch	chi-chi-ga'-nam-da-we'-shi
Oriole, Baltimore	Baltimore oriole; poplar or willow bird	wa-do'-pi-bi-ne'-shi
Osprey	Fish hawk	mi'-gi-ki-qua-ne'
Owl	Owl	o-ko'-ko-ko-o'
Owl, Barn	Barn owl	bo'-du-wi-dom-be'
Owl, Barred	Barred owl	wen'-gi-du-ko-ko-ko-o'
Owl, Great Gray	Great gray owl	we-wen'-gi-ga-no'
Owl, Great Horned	Great horned owl	o-tow'-i-ge-o-ko'-ko-ko-o'
Owl, Snowy	Snowy Owl	wa'-bi-o-ko'-ko-o'
Pelican	Pelican, both species	she'-de
Pigeon, Passenger	Pigeon	o-mi'-mi
Pintail, Northern	Pintail; long-necked duck	kin-o-gua'-ya-we-shib
Prairie-Chicken, Greater	Prairie hen	a-gusk'
Raven, Common	American raven	ka-gog-i'
Redhead	Redhead; big fall duck	kitch'-i-tu-gua'-go-shib
Robin, American	American robin	o-pi'-che
Sandpiper	Sandpiper	ji-twish'-ki-wen
Scaup	Scaup ducks; spirit ducks	ma'-ni-do-shib'
Screech-Owl, Eastern	Little screech owl	ka-kab'-i-shi
Shoveler, Northern	Shoveller; shovelling duck	ma-da-i-ga'-ni-shib
Shrike, Northern	Shrike; big cannibal bird	kitch'-i-win'-di-go-bi-ne'-shi
Snipe, Wilson's	Wilson's snipe	pa-dash'-ka-an'-ja
Sora	Sora rail; rice bird	mo-no'-min-i-kesh-i'
Sparrow, Song	Song sparrow	kos-kos-ko-ni'-chi
Swallow	All other swallows; little bird that tumbles over and over in the air	shau-shau'-wun-ni-b-sence'
Swan	Swan; white bird	wa'-bi-si
Swift, Chimney	Chimney swift; wooden quills, in allusion to the stiff tail-feathers	me-mit'-to-go-ning-gue-ga-ne'-si
Tanager, Scarlet	Scarlet tanager	o-da'-gi-na-ma ne'-shi
Teal, Blue-winged	Blue-winged duck	we-wi'-bing-guang-ge'
Teal, Green-winged	Green-winged Teal; spunk duck; also called big teal	sug-gu-ta'-ka-ni-shib
Thrasher, Brown	Brown thrush; big thrush	chi'-a-nuk'
Thrush, Swainson's	Thrush, olive-backed	a-nuk'
Towhee, Eastern	Towhee bunting; black thrush	muk-ud-e'-ai-a'-nuk
Turkey, Wild	Turkey	mi-sis'-si
Veery	Wilson's thrush	an-wak'
Vulture, Turkey	Turkey buzzard; dirty wing	wi-nong'-a
Warbler, Black-throated Blue	Black-throated blue warbler	o-ja'-wa-no
Warbler, Yellow	Summer yellowbird	o-za'-wa-bi-ne'-shi
Waxwing, Bohemian	Bohemian waxwing; crested bird	o-ze'-gi-ban-wan'-i-shin
Waxwing, Cedar	Cedar waxwing; the bird that is king or chief	o'-gi-ma-bi-ne'-shi
Whip-poor-will	Whippoorwill	gwen-go-wi-a'
Woodcock, American	Woodcock; big snipe	kitch'-i-pa-dash'-ka-an'-ja
Woodpecker	Hairy and downy woodpecker	pa-pa'-se
Woodpecker, Pileated	Pileated woodpecker	me'-me
Woodpecker, Red-headed	Red-headed woodpecker	pa-que-a-mo'
Wren, House	House wren	o-du-na'-mis-sug-ud-da-we'-shi
Wren, Marsh	Marsh wren	mus-ko'-zi-bi-ne'-shi

This is a profound, scholarly work with importance beyond the time of its origin.

During the same era, another study of the Chippewa tribal language was underway by someone with the most intimate knowledge of the tribe and its lexicon. The history on the Ottawa and Chippewa of Michigan written by Andrew J. Blackbird, whose father was Macka-de-pe-nessy, or Black-hawk, which should have been the proper last name for Andrew. He attended a couple of educational institutions in the 1850s, but his degree was based on his life experiences, not from a piece of paper from some institution.

This selection provides the final portion of the tribal language being considered.

Term Designation	Given Term	Native Term
Bird	Bird	pe-nay-shen
Crane	Crane	au-dje-djawk
Crow, American	Crow	awn-dayg
Duck	Duck	she-sheb
Eagle	Eagle	wing-ge-zee
Grouse	Partridge	pe-nay
Gull	Gull	kaw-yawshk
Hawk	Hawk	pe-nay-se
Jay, Blue	Bluejay	tchin-dees
Loon	Loon	mong
Pigeon, Passenger	Pigeon	o-me-me
Prairie-Chicken, Greater	Prairie hen	ke-wo-nee
Robin, American	Robin	au-pe-tchi
Thrasher, Brown	Thrasher	au-nawk
Turkey, Wild	Turkey	me-zhe-say
Woodcock, American	Woodcock	may-may
Woodpecker	Woodpecker	paw-paw-say

This set of terms reveals — once again — a number of the most typical bird species of the tribal area, which was the area of Harbor Springs, where Mr. Blackbird was the postmaster in 1858, and the same area where he was born.

Wonders of the Chippeway Tribe

The terminology opens a new realm for the native language given in bird history, which could readily be a focus of study for time undefined, depending only on someone's particular interest. Tribal terms for quilt, for sewing, for knitting, are even included for those which may have an interest in this type of an indoor endeavor. The words, given in two variations — tribal to English and English to tribal — are a sublime work of scholarly work far beyond the basic responsibilities of a missionary.

The terms given here are an addition to the terms previously presented from other sources that convey this aspect of bird history. This particular instance of bird lore from more than a century in the past, or basically times long forgotten except for treasured annals of history, can be readily appreciated since someone took the time to write it down and get it into print of some manner so it can be easily remembered and reviewed.

This terminology ellicits a new appreciation for the appreciation of the birds during the endless centuries they have been known by people of the continental lands.