Canada Goose Gathering by Valentine

The spring gathering of Canada Goose near Valentine has been especially prominent at the end of February and beginning of March. With the obvious extent of these waterfowl, an effort was undertaken to get details of their occurrence, and to do so in a manner that would not be arbitrary but rather a common method of observation. Observation points were most variable on the first day, but then a standard protocol was undertaken, and followed most prominent in the first three hours of the morning from one point of observation. Other sightings of Canada Goose movement were kept while traversing the vicinity during times other than times of particular attention.

The largest flight was brought particular attention to the migratory event was especially prominent during an hour of the morning on February 27. From a suitable vantage point or two on the north side of the city, multiple flocks of various sizes were seen flying northward during 8:25 to 9:20 a.m.

Counts were made of individual birds when possible, but when larger flocks, and several of them were present during a brief time interval, counts were made based upon groups of five or ten birds. For some distant flocks, numbers based upon a groups in the distant had to be done. Therefore the exact count is not accurate to the number of individual geese, but indicative of an overall extent based upon accepted methods of counting large flocks of birds.

All of the initial observations were made from my usual lookout at the west end of the North Lake Shore Hills, and which is a site that provides a fine view of what seems to be an avenue especially suitable for watching movements of wildbirds. After about 9 a.m. counts were made from points along eastern Lake Shore Drive and then from the prominent height at 8th and north Main Street. Upon reaching the Main street vantage point, it was obvious that the geese were flying in a westerly direction, and then going northerly. The two latter locales provide an expansive view of area skies where the geese fly.

This is a tally of the number of geese seen at different times, and represent distinct occurrences during the morning of the 27^th when temperatures were in the mid-20s with clear skies, and winds northwest at 6 m.p.h., according to the local weather report on the radio:

• 8:25 - 65, 9, 13
  
• 8:30 - 18, 27, 42
  
• 8:35 - 40, 36, 68, 325, 75
  
• 8:38 - 65, 120, 90
  
• 8:43 - 30, 5, 13, 50
  
• 8:45 - 310, 60
  
• 8:48 - 325, 75; from 8:35 to 8:48 was the obvious peak in the goose flight; during this time, smaller flight groups were combined so that a count could occur, otherwise, indications of occurrence would have been lost if each particular group would have to be given individual consideration; groups became one count while keeping track of multitudes of geese in flight within a brief time-frame
  
• 8:49 - 95
  
• 8:52 - 70
  
• 8:53 - 25
  
• 8:56 - 120
  
• 9:00 - 20
  
• 9:05 - 40, 45, 25
  
• 9:10 - 10, 140
  
• 9:15 - 90, 190, 25, 95, 180, 5, 25, 25, 75, 5
  
• 9:20 - 20
  

During noon hour while along Main Street, a flock of 15 geese were seen flying northward. Some others were heard, but could not be seen. This is indicative that the overall extent of occurrence of this species of waterfowl would likely exceed the numbers denoted, as additional flocks were likely not observed as other necessities prevented continual observation from ca. 9:30 a.m. to 12:10 p.m.

There were ca. 3200 Canada Goose present amidst these flocks. Though it was not possible to determine the exact number of Cackling Goose, there were several obviously small geese apparent among the flocks, so their number was estimated as being at least a minimum of five. The only way to derive an actual number would be to ignore the big geese while looking for smaller geese. This is not the observational protocol used as the intent was to denote one species rather than another species.

It seems that the geese roost on available open water, including, notably the Niobrara River and also at Potters Pond easterly of Fort Niobrara NWR. In the morning, the birds fly northward to crop fields where they can forage? Obviously there is a source of food northerly from Valentine, because otherwise the geese would be going elsewhere.

This greatly exceeds the 1100 seen during surveys on February 17 at Bryan Bridge and Potters Pond.

The indicated occurrence was a dramatic increase in the number of these geese which had been observed via a similar manner on the previous day.

Wednesday, the 28^th

The geese got moving early, with the first flock going northerly before sunrise. Weather conditions were similar to those on Tuesday.

• 7:31 - 10
  
• 7:52 - 3
  
• 7:54 - 30, 2
  
• 7:58 - 2
  
• 8:00 - 50, 35
  
• 8:01 - 25
  
• 8:03 - 24
  
• 8:05 - 32, 49
  
• 8:06 - 37
  

  At this time a flock of six Common Merganser were seen going easterly.
  

• 8:09 - 48, 35
  
• 8:12 - 112 and including a Cackling Goose
  
• 8:13 - 10, 3, 2 and including a Cackling Goose
  
• 8:15 - 6, 140, 3, 9
  
• 8:22 - 8
  
• 8:23 - 7
  
• 8:24 - 14
  
• 8:25 - 57
  
• 8:26 - 21, 15
  
• 8:30 - 3, 55
  
• 8:31 - 95
  

  At this time some of the flocks were present at a distance and seen for only a brief time so more group counts had to be quickly made.

• 8:32 - 25, 2
  
• 8:36 - 27
  
• 8:40 - 180
  
• 8:42 - 100, 48
  
• 8:49 - 45, 40
  
• 8:50 - 21
  
• 8:53 - 35
  
• 8:54 - 15
  
• 9:02 - 17
  
• 9:09 - 34, 15
  
• 9:20 - 12
  
• 9:33 - 12
  

The overall tally for the time was 1580 Canada Goose. This number likely was lesser because some of the flocks would not have been seen from the vantage point where a hill blocks the view to the northeast.

March 1^st, Thursday

The first geese were not seen until 8:21 a.m. when the temperature was about 20^o with winds from the southwest at 5 m.p.h. and mostly clear skies. The following are details:

• 8:21 - 2
  
• 8:40 - 50
  
• 8:53 - 4, 10
  
• 8:55 - 4
  
• 8:58 - 11, 7, 18
  
• 9:03 - 2, 9
  
• 9:06 - 14
  
• 9:24 - 7
  
• 9:29 - 2
  
• 9:32 - 12
  

  A few minutes after this time, there were five geese loitering at the Valentine Mill Pond.

• 11:48 - 25 going northwest above Valentine
  
• 12:28 - 21
  

The overall tally of northward flying geese was 219, and the number was markedly lesser than what was seen the previous day, using observation methods which were basically similar.

Friday, March 2^nd

The morning started with a temperature of 34^o with southwest winds at 7-18 m.p.h. and then 10-15 m.p.h. at 7:30 with clear skies. The following are details:

• 7:19 - 23
  
• 7:26 - 1, 25
  
• 7:39 - 15, 19, 27 going easterly a short distance north of my vantage point
  
• 7:43 - 3, 9, 2
  
• 8:02 - 2 flew in from the north and landed at the Valentine Mill Pond
  
• 8:06 - 70
  
• 8:15 - 2, 2
  
• 8:22 - 10 going east northeast
  
• 8:24 - 2 in pair flight northward of the Mill Pond
  
• 8:30 - 17 going northerly
  
• 8:32 - 40 going northerly
  
• 8:38 - 8 going southerly
  
• 8:51 - 21
  
• 9:05 - 5, 8 with both departing from the Mill Pond
  
• 9:09 - 5
  
• 9:15 - 8
  
• 9:16 - 3, 4
  
• 9:19 - 16
  
• 9:26 - 65 going easterly as seen northward of my vantage point, which was primarily the same place as on the previous two days
  
• 9:28 - 4 Canada Goose and 2 Cackling Goose flying southwest
  
• 9:30 - 11
  
• 9:35 - 28
  
• 9:40 - 65
  
• 9:42 - 23
  
• 9:43 - 18, 7
  
• 10:00 - 13, 7
  
• 10:05 - 23 loitering at the Valentine Mill Pond where open water was a new landscape feature as warmer temperatures meant open water along the channel of Minnechaduza Creek and lesser ice upon the surface of the pond
  
• 10:15 - 19 over Valentine
  
• 10:48 - 45 going easterly at the northern extent of Valentine, while a similar-sized flock was going westerly above the southern extent of the heart city
  
• 10:50 - 14
  
• 12:04 - 24 going southerly and which are not included in the tally for the day as they may have been some of the fowl flying northward earlier in the day
  
• 16:15 - 25 departed from the Mill Pond, and going northerly; this flock was also not included in the overall tally
  

The estimate for the day's flight was ca. 600. This day was notably different because of the obvious variability in the flight path of the geese. While some were flying northerly, others were going southerly. Add into the mix the movement of birds easterly.

Saturday, March 3rd

An undetermined number of Canada Goose were present overnight at the Mill Pond. At least twice during the dark hours they could be heard. Their presence undoubtedly was denoted as they left in the morning to go northward to feeding grounds. Their departure was obvious as they would be a notably lesser elevation as they departed from the nearby water body, and could be specifically obvious upon their departure.

During the morning period of observation from 7-10 a.m., there were very few flocks conveying the migratory movement characteristics seen on previous days. The birds were flying at a greater distance above the ground and had a particular flight path in a general northerly direction.

These are the particular notations for the day, with obvious indications that many of these birds had departed from the Valentine Mill Pond:

• 7:04 - 1; this is likely a bird from the Mill Pond
  
• 7:18 - 35
  
• 7:36 - 2
  
• 7:39 - 2
  
• 7:52 - 17
  
• 7:57 - 7
  
• 8:03 - 3
  
• 8:05 - 14 from the Mill Pond as their initial flight from the pond was observed and then the flock flew over my vantage point on their flight northward
  
• 8:32 - 12
  
• 8:52 - 4
  
• 9:15 - 7
  
• 9:16 - 2
  
• 9:21 - 2
  
• 9:27 - 10
  
• 9:40 - 7, 8
  
• 9:46 - 5
  
• 9:47 - 4
  
• 10:04 - 65
  
• 10:12 - 6
  
• 11:36 - 125 going northeasterly in a single flock while other smaller flocks were coming from the north and landing at the Mill Pond
  

What was notably differnt today was an influx of geese from the north at the Mill Pond during mid-day. A bunch of 31 flew in and landed about 11 a.m. Another bunch of 43 arrived at 11:17. Then at 11:35 eight arrived while to the north, there were 125 flying northeasterly. Two other arrivals occurred at 12:06 (44) and 12:12 (8). There were some Cackling Goose seen and heard.

These details indicate that some geese are migrating though the area, while others that have been resident have adapted to the newly available open waters at the Mill Pond. There has also been the indication that breeding season birds are initiating a claim on a nesting territory, especially for a place amidst the pond cattail marsh.

One notably different feature of the movements of these waterfowl has been their occurrence in the evening. Prior to this focused period of observation, flocks of geese were regularly seen at dusk, and after the sun had set. Their presence was obvious as many skeins — numbering in the dozens — could be readily seen going southward, probably towards their overnight roosts, notably on the Niobrara River southward of Valentine. During the few days when the multiple morning observations occurred, during time spent watching as dark descended, there were no flocks seen.

Sunday, March 4^th

The morning was cloudy with fog so it was not possible to see the birds in a manner sufficient to do any counts.

Monday, March 5^th

This morning brought temperatures in the mid 20's with a fresh snowfall of less than an inch. The most prominent weather condition were the winds. When the first birds were seen just after 7 a.m., winds from the northwest were already at a sustained 15-25 m.p.h. with gusts exceeding 40 m.p.h. Just before noon there a recorded gust of 53 m.p.h. Sustained winds exceeding 20 m.p.h. and gusts into the lower 40s continued through the afternoon, with figures of 17 m.p.h. and gusts to 33 m.p.h. and more from the west at 3 p.m.

It was obvious that the birds were struggling as they flew into the winds. The birds would get rocked to and fro as they flew along. The winds obviously had an influence on the behavior of the geese. These are the known observations:

• 7:01 - 50
  
• 7:02 - 12
  
• 7:04 - 26
  
• 7:05 - 62; it was seemingly as if the birds wanted to get to the feeding grounds early as typically winds are lesser early in the morning
  

  A surprising observation was a flock of 50 Show Goose going southwest, as if trying to move away from the snowstorm/blizzard conditions which were more severe in southern South Dakota.

• 8:17 - 7
  
• 8:39 - 23
  
• 8:40 - 33
  

  A second flock of 65 Snow Goose were seen and also flying in a southwestern direction.

• 9:17 - 7 Canada Goose along with two Cackling Goose
  

  Some of the Canada Goose were already returning southward at 9:25, with their destination the Mill Pond.

• 12:40 - 32 going northerly
  
• 1:53 - 8
  
• 1:54 - 12
  
• 1:55 - 25
  
• 1:58 - 4
  
• 2:01 - 17
  
• 2:02 - 25; winds were gusting about 53 m.p.h. at this time
  
• 2:03 - 27
  
• 2:04 - 6
  
• 2:11 - 28
  
• 2:14 - 33
  
• 2:18 - 14
  
• 2:20 - 30
  
• 2:36 - 21
  
• 4:25 - 85
  
• 4:28 - 13
  
• 4:34 - 11
  
• 4:37 - 8
  
• 4:38 - 37
  
• 4:48 - 14
  
• 4:53 - 2
  
• 4:57 - 9
  
• 5:00 - 6
  
• 5:02 - 14
  
• 5:18 - 5
  

  At 5:32 and 5:38 there were two groups of 7 going southerly. There were a total of fourteen flights going southward until 6:58 when it was too dark to see any flying birds (sunset was about 6:35 p.m. Numbers varied basically between four and 20, with the two greatest at 27 and 33.

• 5:55 - 4
  

It is possible that some of the birds seen going northerly later in the day could have returned from the morning feeding, and were venturing northward again.

During the morning a few small flocks of smaller waterfowl were seen but were too far a distance to allow identification. They were moving along too fast with the wind at their back.

The average wind speed during the day was 27 m.p.h. with a peak gust at 59 m.p.h.

Tuesday, March 6^th

The morning brought steady light snow and significant wind from the northwest at 20-35 m.p.h. and gusts to 40. No Canada Goose movement was noted until after 10:30 a.m. These are the few observations.

• 10:32 - 6
  
• 10:37 - 31 left the Mill Pond
  
• 10:38 - 1
  
• 11:02 - 9 when its still snowing and winds were northwest at 25-30 m.p.h. with gusts to 40 m.p.h.
  
• 11:07 - 45
  
• 11:21 - 1
  

  At 11:44 a flock of 62 Snow Goose were flying in a west, southwest direction; another flock of 26 going southwest occurred at 12:32
  

  At 11:48 a flock of 30 were seen going southwesterly; and three bunches of 13, 16 and 11 were going in the same direction at 11:52

• 1:53 p.m. - 23 when the snow was ending and there was some slight clearing in the sky
  
• 3:24 - 24, which included two Cackling Goose
  
• 3:34 - 32 north, including one cackler
  
• 3:56 - 70, including 4 Cackling Goose
  
• 4:02 - 2
  
• 4:07 - 55
  
• 4:27 - 4
  
• 4:50 - 17
  
• 4:53 - 12
  
• 5:25 - 14
  
• 5:36 - 6
  

One reason for the significant decline in the number Canada Goose observed could be that due to snow and a decline in temperatures, birds moved to a different roost site — perhaps the Niobrara River — and their trajectory to the north would not have been visible from my usual vantage point. The difference seemed to be made up later in the afternoon.

Summary

This is an overall summary of the flight movements by Canada Goose in the immediate vicinity of Valentine, Nebraska. Each particular notation of an observation was entered into a relational database, and summarized within a particular time period. The number of distinct counts of birds were: 2/27 (44 instances); 2/28 (50); 3/1 (16); 3/2 (40); 3/3 (21); 3/5 (33); and, 3/6 (15). This is an indicative representation of the geese seen flying northward during these days.

Time Period	2/27	2/28	3/1	3/2	3/3	3/5	3/6
0700 to 0714	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	150	- -
0715 to 0729	- -	- -	- -	75	35	- -	- -
0730 to 0744	- -	10	- -	75	4	- -	- -
0745 to 0759	- -	37	- -	- -	24	- -	- -
0800 to 0814	- -	462	- -	72	17	- -	- -
0815 to 0829	87	280	2	14	- -	7	- -
0830 to 0844	1004	440	50	71	12	23	- -
0845 to 0859	1080	156	54	21	4	- -	- -
0900 to 0914	280	17	25	10	- -	- -	- -
0915 to 0929	735	12	9	100	21	7	- -
0930 to 0944	- -	12	12	152	15	- -	- -
0945 to 0959	- -	- -	- -	- -	9	- -	- -
1000 to 1014	- -	- -	- -	43	71	- -	- -
1015 to 1029	- -	6	- -	19	- -	- -	- -
1030 to 1044	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	38
1045 to 1059	- -	- -	- -	121	- -	- -	- -
1100 to 1114	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	54
1130 to 1144	- -	- -	- -	- -	125	- -	- -
1145 to 1159	- -	70	25	- -	- -	- -	- -
1200 to 1214	15	45	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
1215 to 1229	- -	23	21	- -	- -	- -	- -
1230 to 1244	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	32	- -
1345 to 1359	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	49	23
1400 to 1414	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	136	- -
1415 to 1429	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	44	- -
1430 t0 1444	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	21	- -
1515 to 1529	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	32
1530 to 1544	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	70
1600 to 1614	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	57
1615 t0 1629	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	4
1615 to 1629	- -	20	- -	- -	- -	98	- -
1630 to 1644	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	56	- -
1645 to 1659	- -	10	- -	- -	- -	25	17
1700 to 1714	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	20	- -
1715 to 1729	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	5	14
1730 to 1744	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	5
1745 to 1759	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	4	- -

With a notable chages in weather conditions in the morning on Sunday, March 4^th conditions for watching the movement of the geese was dramatically different. There were colder temperatures, fog and cloudy skies, and drizzle. For these reasons, observation efforts were not done. Some of the local birds still were seen going northward to distant foraging grounds.

Cold-night conditions meant a distinct change in goose behavior. Overnight on the 7^th the low temperature was 8^o and subsequently there was only a single observation of 32 Canada Goose seen going northward between 7 and 10 a.m. Notably, between 4:55 and 5:20 p.m. about 525 were seen going northward from a vantage point within Valentine. These birds were obviously leaving roost places associated with the Niobrara River. After sunset, some Canada Goose could be heard being expressive at the Valentine Mill Pond.

The overnight low on the 8^th was 13^o so weather conditions were similar with no flocks noted during the morning hours of the subsequent day. The transition from winter to spring was obvious with warmer days conducive to the arrival of seasonal wildbird species. Thus ends this endeavor.

Results of Backyard Bird Count at Valentine

Also in Valentine Midland News

During the weekend of February 16-18 the Great Backyard Bird Count event occurred throughout across the nation. Birders at a myriad of places kept track of local wildbirds during this annual effort for bird enthusiasts, with results reported online.

At Valentine, several surveys occurred on Saturday and Sunday. There were some notable results associated with the 34 bird species recorded at seven different localities.

Hundreds of Canada Goose were observed from a vantage point on Bryan Bridge. Also notable here were two groups of Trumpeter Swan, totaling seven overall. There were 15 species seen during a brief visit.

The next place visited by driver Gordon Warrick and myself was the Vanderploeg Ranch. While visiting with Marvin Vanderploeg, and upon looking at the feeder out the south windows a couple of birds were especially notable. They were Common Redpoll amidst a fine bunch of American Goldfinch eating the provided seed. This sighting was especially unique in a historic context. The most recent known record for the county was in 2012 along the Niobrara river south of Eli. The previous known record for the Valentine area was in 1915 at the Niobrara Game Preserve. Records for sightings through the decades have occurred many years past at Valentine NWR and Smith Lake WMA. Personally, my last sighting was in late-December 1991 at Peterson Lake, in Rock County. Only a quick glimpse indicated the occurrence of a Townsend’s Solitaire in the woods along the Niobrara. Also prominent were a pair of Bald Eagle, active in their annual breeding cycle near a nest they have used for years.

A very nice place where a backyard bird count occurred was at the Anne and Bill Quigley residence on the north edge of Valentine. With brisk winds prevalent upon our arrival, it seemed that any tally would be minimal. While there, Mrs. Quigley refilled the suet feeder. Almost immediately after, a bunch of birds arrived, notably woodpeckers, including a vivid male and female Red-bellied Woodpecker, at least four Downy Woodpeckers, as well as White-breasted Nuthatch and Red-breasted Nuthatch. Also present were cheery Black-capped Chickadees and drab-colored American Goldfinch.

Dark-eyed Junco were common near the Mill Pond, especially at bird feeders.

Potters Pond, on the south side of the county road easterly from the eastern boundary of Fort Niobrara NWR and before Berry Bridge, had upon our arrival mid-day Saturday, a wonderful mix of waterfowl. Besides the geese there were many mergansers, as well as a mix of various species of ducks. It was sad that a car with a nearby license indication disturbed the many birds and which resulted in them flying away. Those people in the SUV obviously did not understand the ethics associated with bird watching, most importantly, do not disturb them!

While at the Burr Oak Trail area at Fort Niobrara NWR, not a single bird was seen or heard at this wildlife refuge. A transit was made past a bunch of deer – numbering more than ten – in a swale where winds were lesser and there was warmth from the sun. The deer were comfortable.
Along the Niobrara River channel birds seen that appreciated the open water as a place to forage were mergansers and the goldeneye. Hundreds of Canada Goose were on sandbars above Cornell Dam, though actual numbers were not counted.

There was not a bunch of birds everywhere. Ray Sholl along Lake Shore Drive gave attention to his well-filled feeder, with only Black-capped Chickadee prevalent during the morning. He’d provided ample feed early on Saturday morning.

Warm temperatures brought numerous Canada Goose to the Valentine Mill Pond on Sunday. These big fowl, which are a prominent feature of the Valentine sky-scape these days, had apparently moved from other roost places.

Brisk winds were detrimental to watching birds on both Saturday and Sunday, but none-the-less a quite fine variety of species were seen. The first five surveys were done Saturday, the other two on Sunday.

Proper Name	Bryan Bridge	Vanderploeg Ranch	Quigley Place	Fort Niobrara NWR	Potters Pond	Valentine Mill Pond	Valentine
Canada Goose	350	- -	750	- -	- -	165	15
Cackling Goose	2	- -	10	- -	- -	- -	- -
Trumpeter Swan	7	- -	3	- -	- -	- -	1
Mallard	- -	38	175	- -	- -	- -	1
Ring-necked Duck	- -	2	7	- -	- -	- -	- -
Common Goldeneye	1	3	3	- -	- -	- -	- -
Common Merganser	8	- -	50	- -	- -	- -	5
Greater Prairie-Chicken	- -	10	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Bald Eagle	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2
Red-tailed Hawk	1	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	1
Rough-legged Buzzard	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1
Rock Dove	2	- -	- -	- -	20	- -	- -
Eurasian Collared Dove	- -	- -	- -	- -	3	2	- -
Red-bellied Woodpecker	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	1
Downy Woodpecker	1	- -	- -	4	1	- -	- -
Hairy Woodpecker	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	1	- -
Northern Flicker	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	1	1
Blue Jay	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	1
American Crow	12	- -	- -	2	- -	2	1
Black-capped Chickadee	- -	- -	- -	3	- -	4	5
Horned Lark	2	4	- -	- -	8	- -	1
Red-breasted Nuthatch	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	- -
White-breasted Nuthatch	- -	- -	- -	4	- -	2	- -
Common Starling	5	- -	- -	- -	8	- -	- -
Eastern Bluebird	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	4	1
Townsend's Solitaire	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1
American Robin	5	- -	- -	- -	2	2	3
House Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	35	25	1
House Finch	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	1	- -
Common Redpoll	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2
American Goldfinch	- -	- -	- -	6	5	3	15
Dark-eyed Junco	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	14	4
American Tree Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	1
Northern Cardinal	1	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -

There were no species that had recently occurred in the area about count days that were not recorded during the bird count weekend.

The efforts by many bird watchers during the weekend, and nationwide, were a great contribution towards better understanding of wildbird numbers and distribution.

Nebraska Proclamation That 2018 is Year of the Bird

Nebraska governor Pete Ricketts has designated 2018 as the Year of the Bird. This is recognition of the 100th anniversary of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

"WHEREAS,	Birds are present in every environment - urban or rural, wetland or prairie and are an ever-present reminder that nature is all around us; and
WHEREAS,	Each spring, Nebraska is home to one of North America's largest migrations when we host 500,000 Sandhill Cranes, and millions of waterfowl along the Platte River; and
WHEREAS,	The spring crane migration brings more than $14 million into Nebraska's economy, providing that where birds thrive - people prosper, and National Audubon [Society] and Bird Life International have recognized the Platte River in Central Nebraska as a Globally Important Bird Area; and
WHEREAS,	From the Sandhills and Pine Bluff regions to the Niobrara River Valley to the eastern deciduous forests on the bluffs of the Missouri River to the sandsage prairie in the southwest corner of the state and everywhere in between, Nebraska's rich natural resources support more than 400 bird species; and
WHEREAS,	Nebraska plays a critical role on an international scale for migratory birds that have no boundaries or borders; and
WHEREAS,	2018 is the centennial year of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act which protects birds in our backyards, like the Northern Cardinal and the Blue Jay; and
WHEREAS,	Bald Eagles, Snowy Egrets, and Wood Ducks nest and/or migrate through Nebraska.
NOW, THEREFORE,	I, Pete Ricketts, Governor of the State of Nebraska, DO HEREBY PROCLAIM the year 2018 as
	YEAR OF THE BIRD in Nebraska, and I do hereby urge all citizens to take due note of the observance."

Birds Noted in Cherry County, Nebraska in 2017

People looking to see a fine variety of wildbirds came to Cherry county during 2017 and spent time afield amidst a great diversity of natural habitats. Some visitors walked a ways carrying binoculars to look about bird activity. Others drove a route suitable to get a view fine enough to see some particular sort of bird varying in size from itty-bitty wrens to the magnificent Trumpeter Swan. There was a spotting scope used at some time or another to get a better view.

During personal time outdoors, written notes meant details were kept, with some detailed records submitted to an online bird record archive; in a few instances documentary photographs were included. Some of these contributors were submitted as the bird watchers enjoyed heart city amenities, including online access available at the Valentine Public Library. Many of the records are because of contributions by transient bird enthusiasts, though some guys working for the Bird Conservancy of the Rockies did surveys on days when they were not doing work-related tasks. At least two city residents kept watch.

Overall, there were 194 species observed by bird watchers on many days during 2017 in Cherry county.

At Valentine NWR, with its variety of habitats including various lakes and wetlands, along with grassland expanses where prairie grouse thrive, was a great space of special interest and significance. About ten reports indicate results of visits during March to November, some which were based upon a survey by a single individual, with a few others involving a small group travelling along and keeping track of observations. More than 75 species were seen during some multiple hours looking during an outing on a single day. There were even anecdotes from a county official flying over the area, and observing the situation of habitat and changes in its condition. Wetland management efforts, such as carp removal, can have a significant influence on the quality of lake waters, its vegetation, and the value of extant habitat suitable for the survival of wildbirds.

At least 144 species were noted on the refuge, based upon visits during the summer months. They provide a detailed indication of breeding and migratory birds. An especially notable spring occurrence was a Piping Plover on April 21st at the Clear Lake boat ramp, as reported by Clay Crofton. This species rarely occurs in the lake district, with a unique history during decades past. Numbers of waterfowl were especially prevalent in November, including a very distinct sighting by Joel Jorgensen, nongame biologist of the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, of four Surf Scoter at Pelican Lake on November 1st and which likely represents the first sighting of this species at the refuge, while it has been seen on a few dates at other sandhill places further south; Red-breasted Merganser was another significant sighting.

Second on the list for number of species seen during the year was the immediate vicinity of Valentine, with a tally of 125 species. This is due to year-round observations kept by a resident at local sites such as the Mill Pond, city park and within the urban setting. Two visitors reported what they saw during summer-time sojourns at the park – walking the trails while looking and listening – and among the city. The observations were sublime, as within the woodland of the park, songs of the warblers and other species require a focus on songs to ensure a correct species identification.

Especially significant for the Heart City is an obvious interest in providing food for birds. Many residents have feeders – which is an obvious ongoing expense – to get proper seed situated suitably to provide something edible to help wildbirds get nourishment that helps with their survival when frigid temperatures prevail.

At Fort Niobrara NWR, 84 species were noted by six different observers that submitted reports to ebird.org. Most of the visits were during the months of May-September; there were three separate surveys in July. Refuge staff do an annual breeding bird survey in early June, but that information is not yet available for evaluation, more than six months after the survey was done.

There were four reports for places along the Niobrara National Scenic River, especially in June, with three from camp grounds or a particular place, with only one report being the result of a float trip. The species tally totaled 57. Though fewer records are available, two especially significant sightings occurred: 1) a Mississippi Kite well seen by Dave Sandahl as it sat on a fence post and chased insects at Sharp’s Campground on June 5th; and, 2) a Northern Saw-whet Owl well heard with extensive notes submitted by Matt Beisel for a nocturnal June 10th occurrence at Smith Falls State Park. These are two newly known species to have occurred in the Niobrara valley, as they have not been previously observed, based upon an evaluation of a multitude of records for many decades past. The river valley is also a haven for the Eastern Whip-poor-will as they are pervasive in the breeding season. There is nothing better than floating along the languid waters of the Niobrara while these birds are so vocal with their distinct call that indicates their territorial presence.

Additional details of birds along this river corridor will eventually become available when a terse summary report is issued, based upon contract work done annually by the Bird Conservancy of the Rockies for the National Park Service.

Other locales where birds were denoted included Elsmere where William Flack did a walk-about on April 28th (15 species at this place along Goose Creek), as well as the ranch country in the Brownlee vicinity where a roadside wetland to its east provided sightings of importance, including a Cinnamon Teal on April 17th, and then some Brewer’s Blackbird amidst a horde of Red-winged Blackbird on November 4th. Westerly along Brush Creek was a fine-looking Merlin perched on a tree.

A personal highlight for the year was observing more than 150 species in Cherry county, based upon records dutifully kept in a database. There had been an ornithological challenge issued associated with the Nebraska sesquicentennial for an individual to observe a number of species that would match the number of years since the state was organized. My tally was 157, based mostly upon the wildbirds present near Valentine, but also because of a few occasional, and appreciated forays to the south Valentine country and an appreciated visit to distinctive Anderson Bridge WMA.

A whole-bunch of bird-watching occurs each year within Cherry county. Though there are many available records – especially historic – the reality of bird occurrence within the entirety of the county is certainly lacking in regards to suitable current details. There were no survey reports for the southwest and other significant sections of the county during 2017. This is indicative of a lack of knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of important species, including those of conservation concern.

Pervasive and appreciated birds of many sorts were enjoyed in this region last year. With the new year underway, there can be many times of special occurrence for those with an interest and that keep an eye on activities of our feathered friends!

---

This is a list of the species observed, and which was not submitted with the article for the newspaper. Species are listed in taxonomic sequence used by the International Ornithological Congress rather than an American association.

* Snow Goose * Canada Goose * Cackling Goose * Trumpeter Swan * Wood Duck * Gadwall * American Wigeon * Mallard * Blue-winged Teal * Cinnamon Teal * Northern Shoveler * Northern Pintail * Green-winged Teal * Canvasback * Redhead * Ring-necked Duck * Lesser Scaup * Surf Scoter * Bufflehead * Common Goldeneye * Hooded Merganser * Common Merganser * Red-breasted Merganser * Ruddy Duck * Northern Bobwhite * Wild Turkey * Sharp-tailed Grouse * Greater Prairie-Chicken * Common Pheasant * Pied-billed Grebe * Horned Grebe * Black-necked Grebe * Western Grebe * White-faced Ibis * American Bittern * Black-crowned Night Heron * Great Blue Heron * Great Egret * American White Pelican * Double-crested Cormorant * Turkey Vulture * Western Osprey * Sharp-shinned Hawk * Cooper's Hawk * Northern Harrier * Bald Eagle * Mississippi Kite * Swainson's Hawk * Red-tailed Hawk * Ferruginous Hawk * Rough-legged Buzzard * Virginia Rail * Sora * American Coot * Sandhill Crane * Killdeer * Piping Plover * Wilson's Snipe * Long-billed Curlew * Upland Sandpiper * Greater Yellowlegs * Solitary Sandpiper * Willet * Spotted Sandpiper * Stilt Sandpiper

* Wilson's Phalarope * Bonaparte's Gull * Franklin's Gull * Ring-billed Gull * American Herring Gull * Forster's Tern * Black Tern * Rock Dove * Eurasian Collared Dove * Mourning Dove * Yellow-billed Cuckoo * Eastern Screech Owl * Great Horned Owl * Burrowing Owl * Northern Saw-whet Owl * Short-eared Owl * Common Nighthawk * Common Poorwill * Eastern Whip-poor-will * Chimney Swift * Ruby-throated Hummingbird * Belted Kingfisher * Red-headed Woodpecker * Red-bellied Woodpecker * Yellow-bellied Sapsucker * Downy Woodpecker * Hairy Woodpecker * Northern Flicker * American Kestrel * Merlin * Prairie Falcon * Eastern Phoebe * Say's Phoebe * Western Wood-Pewee * Eastern Wood-Pewee * Willow Flycatcher * Least Flycatcher * Western Kingbird * Eastern Kingbird * Great Crested Flycatcher * Loggerhead Shrike * Great Grey Shrike * Bell's Vireo * Yellow-throated Vireo * Warbling Vireo * Red-eyed Vireo * Blue Jay * American Crow * Cedar Waxwing * Black-capped Chickadee * Horned Lark * Sand Martin * Tree Swallow * Purple Martin * Northern Rough-winged Swallow * Barn Swallow * American Cliff Swallow * Ruby-crowned Kinglet * Sedge Wren * Marsh Wren * House Wren * Blue-grey Gnatcatcher * Red-breasted Nuthatch * White-breasted Nuthatch * Brown Creeper

* Grey Catbird * Northern Mockingbird * Brown Thrasher * Common Starling * Eastern Bluebird * Townsend's Solitaire * Swainson's Thrush * Wood Thrush * American Robin * House Sparrow * House Finch * Red Crossbill * American Goldfinch * Pine Siskin * Ovenbird * Black-and-white Warbler * Tennessee Warbler * Orange-crowned Warbler * Connecticut Warbler * Common Yellowthroat * American Redstart * American Yellow Warbler * Blackpoll Warbler * Audubon's Warbler * Myrtle's Warbler * Wilson's Warbler * Yellow-breasted Chat * Yellow-headed Blackbird * Bobolink * Western Meadowlark * Eastern Meadowlark * Baltimore Oriole * Orchard Oriole * Red-winged Blackbird * Brown-headed Cowbird * Rusty Blackbird * Brewer's Blackbird * Common Grackle * Great-tailed Grackle * Lark Bunting * Song Sparrow * Lincoln's Sparrow * Harris's Sparrow * White-crowned Sparrow * White-throated Sparrow * Dark-eyed Junco * Savannah Sparrow * Grasshopper Sparrow * American Tree Sparrow * Chipping Sparrow * Field Sparrow * Clay-colored Sparrow * Vesper Sparrow * Lark Sparrow * Spotted Towhee * Summer Tanager * Scarlet Tanager * Dickcissel * Rose-breasted Grosbeak * Black-headed Grosbeak * Northern Cardinal * Blue Grosbeak * Indigo Bunting * Lazuli Bunting

Specifics for each of the sightings are available and there could be an individual evaluation for each species, including a presentation of numbers and the chronology of occurrence and to some extent, where they were seen.

Area Birds in Grant County, Nebraska in 2017

January 11, 2018. Area birds. Grant County News 133(24): 1. The published article had subsequent edits prior to being posted online.

Wildbirds are a great and ongoing attraction, and during the eclipse and other times during 2017 in Grant county, several people took the time to look upon a scene and kept notes that indicated the occurrence of 70 species.

The initial known bird outing of the year was at the Hyannis cemetery on March 15, when a travelling group spent 40 minutes to see what was present. Their report is especially interesting as four variations of Dark-eyed Junco were seen (ebird.org checklist by Rick Wright) that had origins in different regions of North America. A Townsend’s Solitaire seen was the first one reported since March, 2009.

There was a nice report submitted by Nebraskan William Flack for a site on the south Whitman Road at the Cherry Valley Road on March 30th. His tally was 20 species including a fine variety of waterfowl including numerous Northern Shoveler and Gadwall, some Canvasback as well as two magnificent Trumpeter Swan present as reported with pictorial documentation.

Avocet WMA was a prominent locale for ornithological history of the year as it is adjacent along Highway 2. Some tally’s reported were based upon a few minutes spent to take a look. There were 44 species noted in April, May and August. Waterfowl had a prominent occurrence. There was also large numbers of pelicans, ibis. The site is also notable for the unusual occurrence of Great-tailed Grackle.

During the August eclipse, observer Bernard Morris parked at the gas station – when not watching the sky during a three hour period – kept a list of species present across the highway at the wildlife area that included three species of raptors and two sorts of terns.

Birder Flack did a walk-about in the eastern extent of Whitman on August 23rd, with an online submission reporting the occurrence of 14 species. Another visitor reported a few species for their driveby.

Many of the years’ records are transitory observations kept while someone was driving along either Highway 2 or Highway 61. Some of these sightings could be designated to a particular locality, but those submitting the record are not aware of local place-names, so instead indicate a name referring to a broad, generic locality.

There was a survey done at the Apache Ranch by an employee of the Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, but since it occurred on private property, details are not publicly available. This was apparently the only visit to a site significantly away from a prominent roadway.

Among the shorebirds seen were the Killdeer, Spotted Sandpiper, Greater Yellowlegs and Lesser Yellowlegs and Willet. There was for some reason only one report of a Long-billed Curlew.

In considering the years’ observations, it is obvious there is a relative dearth of sightings in Grant county, as a larger number of species would be expected to occur. Nothing was reported about the Blue Jay, which appears to have a sporadic occurrence at Hyannis. It is very surprising that there was no recorded occurrence of the Downy Woodpecker. In regards to the Horned Lark and Marsh Wren, one report of each is not indicative as they both have a broader wide-spread range. The same applies to the Common Yellowthroat, which would be expected amidst the habitats at Avocet WMA and other spaces, in addition to the singular 2017 observation at Frye Lake WMA. There was no mention of Chimney Swift at Hyannis, though it has been seen in the urban setting in many past years. Why is it that the only report of a House Wren for the county dates to 2007? Is an indication of range or due to a lack of reported sightings? The lack of any report of Dark-eyed Junco is also indicative of a lesser extent of observational occurrences, as this species is prevalent in winter times within the region.

If an observer had driven south of Ashby to Alkali Lake, there would have certainly been a greater diversity of species occurrence to report because its features are quite unique and any wildbirds present can be seen from a roadside vantage. Though there were sightings from Whitman, there was no mention of Doc Lake. Nothing was referred to Wolfenberger Lakes though it is also adjacent to and visible from Highway 2. There were no reports from the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory that is publicly owned and seemingly conducive to visits. Surprisingly, no birder apparently visited DeFair Lake WMA, which, based upon personal experience, is a fine place and even nice enough to spend an overnight in the parking lot.

There are 192 species of birds that are known to occur within the county, based upon an overall consideration that includes historic occurrences. Considering the more than 300 species of birds that occur in the sandhill region, the overall tally is also less than what would be expected.
On an aside, it seems obvious that the overall availability of birding places within Grant county is not known to an extent that could result in more and/or extended visits. When obvious public lands are not visited, it is likely the result of a lack of knowledge of their being available for bird watching?

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This is a list of the species observed, and which was not submitted with the article for the newspaper. Species are listed in taxonomic sequence.

* Canada Goose * Trumpeter Swan * Wood Duck * Gadwall * American Wigeon * Mallard * Blue-winged Teal * Northern Shoveler * Northern Pintail * Green-winged Teal * Canvasback * Redhead * Ring-necked Duck * Lesser Scaup * Bufflehead * Ruddy Duck * Common Pheasant * Pied-billed Grebe * Western Grebe * White-faced Ibis * Black-crowned Night Heron * Great Blue Heron * American White Pelican * Double-crested Cormorant

* Turkey Vulture * Northern Harrier * Swainson's Hawk * Red-tailed Hawk * American Coot * Killdeer * Long-billed Curlew * Greater Yellowlegs * Lesser Yellowlegs * Willet * Spotted Sandpiper * Ring-billed Gull * Forster's Tern * Black Tern * Eurasian Collared Dove * Mourning Dove * Chimney Swift * Red-headed Woodpecker * Hairy Woodpecker * Northern Flicker * Western Kingbird * Eastern Kingbird * Loggerhead Shrike * Warbling Vireo

* Cedar Waxwing * Horned Lark * Tree Swallow * Barn Swallow * Marsh Wren * Brown Thrasher * Common Starling * Townsend's Solitaire * American Robin * House Sparrow * House Finch * American Goldfinch * Common Yellowthroat * Yellow-headed Blackbird * Western Meadowlark * Orchard Oriole * Red-winged Blackbird * Brown-headed Cowbird * Common Grackle * Great-tailed Grackle * Dark-eyed Junco * Lark Sparrow

December Birds in the Valentine Vicinity - 2017

Bird observations continued to be kept in the immediate vicinity of Valentine during December, 2017. There were fewer dates this year when observations were recorded but the overall tally does not appear to be significantly different from noted sightings during this month in two previous years.

Birds about Valentine during December 2017

Proper Name	342	348	360	362
Canada Goose	60	- -	- -	- -
Mallard	- -	3	- -	- -
Wild Turkey	- -	7	- -	- -
Sharp-shinned Hawk	- -	1	- -	- -
Bald Eagle	1	1	1	- -
Rock Dove	30	- -	- -	16
Eurasian Collared Dove	26	22	- -	- -
Great Horned Owl	2	- -	1	- -
Belted Kingfisher	- -	1	- -	- -
Downy Woodpecker	1	1	2	- -
Hairy Woodpecker	- -	- -	1	2
Northern Flicker	- -	- -	- -	1
Blue Jay	- -	1	- -	- -
American Crow	- -	1	2	- -
Cedar Waxwing	- -	6	- -	- -
Black-capped Chickadee	2	3	7	8
Red-breasted Nuthatch	3	- -	2	- -
White-breasted Nuthatch	1	1	2	- -
Eastern Bluebird	- -	5	- -	4
Townsend's Solitaire	- -	- -	- -	1
American Robin	- -	50	2	- -
House Sparrow	70	- -	55	- -
House Finch	- -	8	2	4
American Goldfinch	- -	- -	3	3
Dark-eyed Junco	8	6	24	18
American Tree Sparrow	- -	- -	6	- -
Northern Cardinal	- -	2	- -	- -

There seems to be no readily notable differences as far as occurrence or numbers present. There are the usual resident birds. It was a month of anecdotes. Perhaps hearing and seeing the Red-breasted Nuthatch once and again was appreciated, because if it wasn't heard it was always nice to hear sounds of the residential White-breasted Nuthatch.

More Dark-eyed Junco were denoted once bird seed was provided for them on Christmas eve. Their activity was readily seen outside my front door as they scurried about. More than one variation occurred subsequently, including at least the Oregon and slate-colored. More attention needs to be given to the particulars and could be an interesting pasttime when hungry deer and rabbits are being kept from the "food buffett." Juncos are disruptive foragers, as when one arrives it may chase away another already present. Sometimes there are "flight battles" as two birds alight in an obvious confrontation as to which of them will get their preferred foraging spot. It seems nonsensical as the juncos often arrive in a significant group for an interlude, and then they all depart. There are significant expanses of time when there are no birds present at the readily available edible seed. At least a Tree Sparrow found the seed and was seen actively eating on more than one occasion.

More than one bird feeder in the vicinity attracted various species, and their occurrence was a reason for some regular sightings of species that enjoyed the winter-time food source. One particularly known spot along Lake Shore Drive is a known magnet for squirrels, but it also provides for the nuthatches and chickadees. Juncos feed on the spill.

Rock Dove and Eurasian Collared Dove were prevalent within the city, and counts depended on traversing a walking route that went past where the were congregated, which was primarily near the livestock market. On the 28th, there were a bunch of juncos, and at the same time an Eastern Bluebird visited along with four House Finch and three American Goldfinch. It was an appreciated phantasmagoria of winter wildbirds.

As for the House Sparrow, they gather in a bit of shrubbery shelter at the southeast corner of the Mill Pond. Numbers vary on weather conditions, but during the winter, they are usually present to an extent of another.

Wild Turkey are more prevalent than indicated by a single occurrence at the Valentine City Park, but they are gathered in one flock or another someplace were a bird outing did not occur.

The resident Downy Woodpeckers continued to ignore the readily available suet. They made a early foray or two and knew that the food source was available, but did not return. A Northern Flicker arrived once or twice, but it also was no repeat visitor.

Canada Goose numbers took an indicative decline as waters at the Mill Pond froze. There was no open water which they appreciated. These watefowl were still in the vicinity, but were in flight so could not be associated with any particular geographic locality. They were probably roosting on the Niobrara River?

As the month ended, temperatures were frigid, and on a day or two the high temperature for more than one day was below zero ... conditions which were not conducive to riding a bicycle to some prime bird-watching place and to undertake an outdoor hike. Some wind chill temps were completely brutal and inhibited any attempt to even look upwards towards the treetops, as the face space had to be confined within the cover of an essential neck-scarf. A bit of snow cover was ongoing.

This is the third annual report for the month of December at Valentine. The number of species noted has varied, just as the occurence of any species can be different. The overall tally for the last three years is:

* 2017: 27 species based upon four dates of recorded observations

* 2016: 32 species based upon 11 dates of recorded observations

* 2015: 28 species based upon 11 dates of recorded observations

Overall for the three years, the tally is 36 species, indicating the value of keeping records that represent more than a couple of years. The only species added in 2017 was a Townsend's Solitaire in a tree-top at the east end of the Valentine Mill Pond.

A sumary of known records convey an occurrence of 144 species in the immediate vicinity of the Heart City, as derived from record keeping which started in August, 2015. Each of the sightings kept indicate the month and year when observed, and for most of them the number seen is known.

Bird Tally at Valentine - October-November 2017

Bird observations continued in the immediate vicinity of Valentine during October-November 2017. Nearby natural spaces continued to be monitored in the manner as they have for many previous months, especially at the northern edge of the city, and as notably associated with Minnechaduza Creek. Patterns of occurrence—generally but with notable exceptions—continued to somewhat similar to those of the two previous viewing seasons, while still, every day has been different. These observations continue to convey what can be daily differences for bird occurrence, and with particulars recorded in detail, and for particular locales as entered into a well-developed database.

• Canada Goose: numbers increased as bunches of these waterfowl began to congregate for the winter; notably occurring at the Valentine Mill Pond, but skeins regularly seen in flight and calling as they traverse the local airspace; the birds regularly flew northward in the morning; the reason: to forage on remnant agricultural field grain?
  
• Wild Turkey: a hen and her brood of two were regular visitors early in October, and occasionally a larger bunch would visit, but eventually the birds went elsewhere in the vicinity and were no longer seen at the places they had once preferred
  
• Sandhill Crane: migratory flights notably missed despite bird-watching attention focused to determine their occurrence; in previous years, the flights of birds going south were so obvious they could not be missed
  
• Great Horned Owl: a pair dwelling on the north side of the pond were especially vocal, with duets regularly heard in the dark hours
  
• Northern Flicker: the most regularly seen woodpecker, with both the red-shafted and yellow-shafted subspecies seen, there seems to be a shift in occurrence between seasons, as more red-shafted seem to be observed in the autumn and winter; this may just be an artifact of observations as no detailed comparisons have been done?
  
• American Crow: only a couple of instances of larger sized flocks going southerly during October, and nothing like the numbers seen during the same period in 2016; just a few seen otherwise, probably representing birds that live locally
  
• Cedar Waxwing: probably a permanent resident of lesser numbers, as they have been seen throughout the seasons and are known breeders, but they may not be seen on any particular day
  
• Eurasian Collared Dove: a prominent resident, especially in the conifers used for lawn landscaping along Lake Shore Drive
  
• Rock Dove: residents within the city, especially at the livestock market
  
• Marsh Wren: heard at the mill pond at its western extent where the cattails grow
  
• Common Starling: thankfully this species seems to have an intermittent occurrence; it can occur in greater numbers at the livestock market or on the powerline wires along the Cowboy Trail right-of-way, with a few sometimes seen here or there but not with any persistence
  
• Townsend's Solitaire: a nice addition at the end of November
  
• Red-winged Blackbird: the vegetation of the mill pond provided an overnight roost; they would then fly northward in the morning
  
• American Robin: bunches regularly occur, being seen mostly in flight over the hills as they go about daily travels across the local landscape
  
• Sparrow species: their transitory nature was evident; when they did occur, they were readily seen outside the north window of the shack so it was easy to keep records
  
• Dark-eyed Junco: the most reliable species of occurrence once they arrive, as they are usually seen and appreciated every day; during the period, there were a few instances when one would strike the big pane of window glass on the north side of the shack, but thankfully no mortality was evident; bug smears on the glass, due to smashed flies seemed to make no difference
  
• Northern Cardinal: surprisingly not a single one of this species was seen or heard during the two months; it has seemingly been a sparse resident so certainly only a few occur; perhaps one might be seen more often if time was taken to watch bird activity at some of the bird feeders on the north fringe of the city, near Eighth and Main streets, as a regular haven seems to be the Valentine City Park
  

Many of the other species on this list are regularly seen within the survey area. It would be a task to record species present on any day, and would actually not be worth doing, but to keep regular, intermittent records is a means to get facts to allow worthwhile comparisons. When these efforts extend for an extended time-frame, the indication of wildbird occurrence is improved.

The overall tally for the two months was 58 species. This compares to 56 species for the same time period in 2016, and 49 in 2015. Consolidating the records kept for these three years, the tally is 77 species, indicating well the variability of recorded occurrences, as represented overall, by observations made on a very regular manner for the days during these two months for three different years.

Weather during the weeks was moderate, with daily high temperatures above the average many times. There were no occurrences of cold where there might have been frosty days and without any temperatures below zero degress. There was very little snowfall, and so snow cover was nearly nonexistent except for a skiff on the ground.

Valentine Bird Tally: October-November, 2017

Proper Name     Julian Date:	277	280	281	282	284	303	309	315	316	317	318	322	328	334
Canada Goose	2	75	- -	16	24	12	223	110	106	143	146	575	725	215
Cackling Goose	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	6	10	7	3
Wood Duck	- -	- -	- -	4	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -
American Wigeon	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	5	- -
Mallard	- -	- -	- -	3	- -	- -	8	18	- -	- -	- -	5	- -	22
Common Merganser	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Wild Turkey	18	3	- -	20	3	12	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Pied-billed Grebe	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	1	- -	1	- -	- -
Great Blue Heron	- -	- -	- -	3	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Great Egret	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Double-crested Cormorant	- -	- -	- -	1	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Turkey Vulture	44	- -	1	- -	4	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Sharp-shinned Hawk	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -
Northern Harrier	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Bald Eagle	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	1	1	1	- -	- -	- -	1	1	- -
Red-tailed Hawk	- -	- -	- -	1	2	- -	- -	- -	2	1	- -	1	1	- -
Rough-legged Buzzard	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -
Greater Yellowlegs	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Ring-billed Gull	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	3	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Rock Dove	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	22	- -	35	- -	- -	35
Eurasian Collared Dove	4	7	- -	- -	14	4	3	1	1	- -	12	1	2	45
Mourning Dove	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Eastern Screech Owl	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Great Horned Owl	- -	2	- -	1	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	2	- -
Belted Kingfisher	1	1	- -	1	- -	1	1	- -	1	1	1	1	- -	- -
Red-bellied Woodpecker	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Downy Woodpecker	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	2
Hairy Woodpecker	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	1	- -	1
Northern Flicker	1	1	- -	1	- -	1	1	- -	- -	- -	1	1	- -	3
American Kestrel	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Blue Jay	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
American Crow	- -	- -	51	27	- -	5	3	- -	2	- -	- -	2	4	2
Cedar Waxwing	- -	- -	- -	- -	3	- -	- -	- -	- -	12	- -	- -	- -	- -
Black-capped Chickadee	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	2	2	1	3	- -	- -	3	2	- -
Marsh Wren	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Red-breasted Nuthatch	- -	- -	- -	1	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	1	2	3	- -	1
White-breasted Nuthatch	- -	1	- -	- -	2	2	2	1	2	- -	- -	2	- -	1
Common Starling	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	40	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Eastern Bluebird	2	8	- -	5	7	1	- -	1	- -	2	- -	- -	4	4
Townsend's Solitaire	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	1
American Robin	5	5	- -	175	- -	125	- -	- -	10	- -	30	15	10	15
House Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	5	- -	- -	12	- -	15
House Finch	12	6	- -	30	- -	8	12	4	- -	- -	- -	6	6	12
American Goldfinch	- -	- -	- -	8	3	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Orange-crowned Warbler	- -	- -	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Audubon's Warbler	- -	1	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Red-winged Blackbird	65	55	- -	40	- -	- -	30	30	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Common Grackle	- -	- -	- -	- -	6	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Song Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Lincoln's Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Harris's Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
White-crowned Sparrow	1	1	- -	1	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
White-throated Sparrow	1	- -	- -	1	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Dark-eyed Junco	- -	1	- -	7	10	12	8	4	22	- -	- -	8	5	10
American Tree Sparrow	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	5	5	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Clay-colored Sparrow	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Vesper Sparrow	3	3	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -
Spotted Towhee	- -	- -	- -	- -	2	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -	- -

Besides looking along the travel way to observe subtle actions and sounds of wildbirds worth denoting, attempts were made to keep one or two close. Placing a suet feeder on the front porch of the shack, was successful, but only minimally as a Downy Woodpecker visited only a couple of times. Flickers would forage nearby but never found the "free lunch." This is nearly the same result as trying to attract Turkey Vultures to a fox carcass. At least the juncos were attracted to the "horse feed" put out to provide supplemental feed. Deer liked to eat everything set of, but by varying the presentation, they didn't gobble it all up, so a newly arrived rabbit came to the buffet. One other appreciation during the month, was the eviction of a feral cat. Repeated personal efforts to drive it away didn't work, but someone else took care of the problem quite nicely.

The two silent owl sentinels continue to keep looking eastward at the nearby hillside. They are so patient, having not moved away from perch atop a fence perch as they continue their stolid hardware task. They are so stoic that it has not been possible to make an identification, though they are differently colored, but similar in size.