Recent Purchase Provides Missouri River Management Potential

When the Corps of Engineers purchased about 600 acres at North Alabama Bend in July 2009, it bought a tract that will provide further opportunities to manage habitat along the Missouri National Recreation River.

Area map of the North Alabama Bend tract, with the boundary shown by the red line. Image courtesy of the Omaha District office, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

The "tract of land was purchased by the Corps' Missouri River Recovery Program for restoration efforts to preserve riparian habitat," according to Kelly Crane, a program manager with the federal agency. "This parcel was attractive because it is a large, undeveloped piece of land that lends itself to preservation and is bordered on the south by the Missouri River for a little more than one mile and bordered on the east by Highway 19."

"The land features some variation in elevation which allows for both uplands and lowland plants," Crane said. "There are over 300 acres of maturing cottonwood forest (along with some other mixed trees). There is some cedar encroachment on the land, but the Corps will work to remove" this invasive species. About 200 acres of grasslands will be worked to restore native species of flora and fauna.

The property will also be conducive to restoration of sandbar habitat and possibly a backwater restoration, Crane said.

"The Corps will work with a multi-agency team consisting of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, the States of South Dakota and Nebraska, and many other agencies that will cooperatively determine the ultimate use of the property."

The North Alabama Bend Property was purchased for $3.4 million.

North Alabama Bend was named for the 220-ton steamboat of the same name that wrecked on October 27, 1870.

"There is a steamboat wreck approximately seven miles upstream that historians believe may be the North Alabama," Crane said. "The wreckage is not located on this site."

This tract is currently open for walk-in public access.

Observant Doctor Originates Phenology in Michigan

When Harmon A. Atkins, M.D., moved to a territory in Michigan in 1842, he decided to stay, with his tenure spanning more than four decades during which a profound interest in birds brought about a pioneer effort for historic ornithology. The doctor documented the arrival of different species, their status, and other aspects of their local natural history which he shared in a variety of ways.

Dr. Atkins arrived in 1842, having left Elba, N.Y., with nothing to indicate why he selected this particular place. At his new home, he was the first medical practitioner in the township, according to chronicles of the county history book. Though he left for a short time, he returned - owning property - and took up residence in Belle Oak, a small hamlet also shown on a map of Ingham county in 1873 as the Locke post-office.

The township was mostly covered with forest, and had sufficient growth of beech, ash, maple, basswood, hickory and black-walnut to provide the harvest of timber in abundance, according to a history of the county. The area includes Sullivan Creek and Squaw Creek.

Area maps of Locke township, Michigan.

The territory was his home, his "roving office" and the outdoor setting where he denoted a variety of birds he observed and appreciated enough to remember.

Dr. H.A. Atkins was "an old style doctor, went horseback, had his saddle bags, and believed in bleeding, and blistering. From necessity he was forced to use barks and herbs. His great knowledge of medical botany enable him to gather from woods and fields. He made a decoction of white popple bark to take the place of quinine in chills and fevers. Many of his old patrons told ... how he cured them of the 'shakes' by using this decoction. Dr. Atkins was a naturalist and his hobby was ornithology. He was a second John Burroughs in keenness of observation. He always noticed the flight of our migratory birds and would often stop when going to visit the sick to study the habits and appearances of any strange bird. His articles on birds often appeared in the local newspapers, and his 'Book on Birds' appeared and was published with Dr. Cook's work issued by M.A.C. Dr. Atkin's studies took a practical trend as he showed the farmers that the birds were great insect destroyers and should be protected instead of destroyed." — Pioneer History of Ingham County

In looking for details on this pioneer of historic ornithology, there was no information found on the manner in which the doctor kept his observations. Undoubtedly his notebook was a treasure, providing the source for presenting his observations 25 years after they were first noted during his travels about the local country.

Bird Calendar

The doctor certainly had a roving eye for three months each spring of the year, looking for his first sighting of a particular species. Some of the essential details were issued in summary tables - typically only nine or ten lines - of an article of a very few paragraphs in the Ornithologist and Oologist, a fledgling journal of the early 1880s.

The Baltimore Oriole and Scarlet Tanager were the first two species with the details issued; and both had been first noted in the summer of 1842. Then, the small green-crested flycatcher (Empidonax acadicus) first seen in 1857, followed by the Whip-poor-will (first seen in 1842), American Redstart, and Sandhill Crane. A couple of brief articles on other species were issued during the interim, including one noting how the Black-billed Cuckoo had a nest in which a Yellow-billed Cuckoo also laid eggs, and possibly incubated the entire clutch!

The following table starts with Julian Date 50 which corresponds to February 19, 1857; day 60 equals March 1; day 90 is March 30 or March 31, depending on the year; day 120 is April 29 or 30; day 130 is May 9 or 10; and day 156 is June 5, 1865. A Julian date is determined by converting a calendar day to a particular number, and is very useful in sorting dates of occurrence.

Julian Date	Acadian Flycatcher	American Redstart	Baltimore Oriole	Sandhill Crane	Scarlet Tanager	Whip-poor-will
50	-	-	-	1857	-	-
60	-	-	-	1882	-	-
68	-	-	-	1860, 1871	-	-
72	-	-	-	1883	-	-
73	-	-	-	1868	-	-
74	-	-	-	1878	-	-
75	-	-	-	1859	-	-
78	-	-	-	1858, 1873	-	-
79	-	-	-	1865, 1874	-	-
84	-	-	-	1867	-	-
86	-	-	-	1862	-	-
87	-	-	-	1869	-	-
88	-	-	-	1872, 1881	-	-
89	-	-	-	1877	-	-
90	-	-	-	1863, '70, '81	-	-
92	-	-	-	1861	-	-
93	-	-	-	1866	-	-
99	-	-	-	1876, 1879	-	-
103	-	-	-	1864	-	-
104	-	-	-	-	-	1858, 1878
112	1860	-	-	-	-	1866, 1881
113	1861	-	-	-	-	1861, ' 63, '77
114	1881	-	-	-	-	1862
115	1870, 1878	-	-	-	-	1869, 1872
116	1862, ' 65, '72	-	-	-	-	-
117	1880	-	-	-	-	-
118	1866	-	1859	-	-	1856, 1880
119	1858, 1871	-	-	-	-	1860
120	1863, '67, 68, '79	1878	-	-	-	1857, ' 71, '79
121	-	-	1860, '61, '71, '78	-	1878	1865, '67, '70
122	1859, 1869	1863, 1872	-	-	-	1859
123	1857	1866, '69, '82	1856	-	1872	-
124	1873	1879, 1881	1869, 1880	-	1861, '63, '80	1868
125	1874	1873, 1880	1858, '67, '77, '79	-	1856, '60, '70	1873, 1876
126	1864	-	1868	-	1859, '71, '73	1864
127	-	1870, 1874	-	-	-	-
128	1876	1860, '61, 67	1865, '66, '72, '73	-	1858, 1874	1875
129	1875	1875	1864, 1874	-	-	1874
130	1877	1861, '71, '76, '77	1862, '63, '75, '76	-	1866, '75, '79	-
131	-	1859	1857	-	-	-
132	-	1857, 1858	-	-	1862, 1877	-
133	-	1868	-	-	1876	-
134	-	-	-	-	1869	-
135	-	-	-	-	1864	-
136	-	-	-	-	1868	-
137	-	-	-	-	1867	-
138	-	1865	-	-	1857	-
156	-	-	-	-	1865	-
157	-	1864	-	-	-	-

The dates noted by the doctor readily indicate the times when appropriate for the particular species to arrive in Michigan. When the particular date (i.e., the julian date has several instances), this is an indication of the period when the species was most noted more often in this region of Michigan by Dr. H.A. Atkins.

There were undoubtedly a variety of factors influencing when the Doctor first noted a species, including their prominence in the landscape, ease of being noted, and those personal concerns - especially from patients - which could influence the ability of Atkins to look for birds and to take the time to make a notation in the medium which he used to record observations ...

Acadian Flycatcher

First noted on April 21 with the range of arrival dates extending to May 10, a period of 28 days.

American Redstart

Arrival dates from April 30 to June 5, with most of the arrival dates occurring through mid-May, a period of 18 days. Perhaps the June date was the result of a doctor caring for his patients?

Baltimore Oriole

From April 28 to May 11, a period of 13 days. Nothing is prominent here to indicate the variance in dates of arrival. This species appears to have the most constricted range of dates.

Sandhill Crane

Dates from February 19 to April 12, a period of ca. 53 days. There were obviously a variety of factors influencing when the cranes arrived, which would be based on weather conditions and other items apparent to the birds, and which would may not be obvious to some watcher.

Scarlet Tanager

Arrival dates from May 1 to June 5, with all but one between May 1 and May 18 (a period of 17 days), so the latter date was probably the result of some unknown influence.

Whip-poor-will

Arrived between April 14 and May 9, a period of 25 days.

These details convey an effort of observation based upon closely looking for different species - all of them were not so readily seen as the Sandhill Crane - and to note the time. The focus was not for one year, but continued for one year, then the next and onward for more than 25 years.

Watching the birds — though the statement may seem trivial based upon the historic record of accomplishment — obviously meant so much to the Doctor, that he continually kept his eye on the bird scene, made his vital notes, and eventually presented them to other enthusiasts when there was a means of publication.

Ornithological Legacy

Dr. Atkins continued to publish his bird observations. Two important papers gave details on the winter and summer birds (82 species during June to August 1884) of the township. Other items issued about his observations are given in the bird books for the state, though summarized.

Sadly, the birdly efforts of Dr. H.A. Atkins were cut short by his death on May 19th, when he was 64, having been born in 1821 in Erie County, New York. The doctor's obituary was published in latter 1885 in the Ornithologist and Oologist. Another much shorter version was issued in the Auk, a fledgling journal of the era.

"For twenty-nine years, he carefully recorded day by day the arrivals, presence and abundance of a large series of birds, and his accuracy and painstaking effort have rarely, if ever, been equaled. His notes, a few of which were inserted from time to time in our pages, were always the results of his own observations. We valued them especially for the care, so plainly shown, with which each state fact was personally endorsed." — Ornithologist and Oologist

The editor mentioned that Dr. Atkins had planned on publishing a book of observations, but was unable to achieve this.

Obviously a detailed presentation of the observations of Harmon A. Atkins, M.D. would still be a valuable contribution to historic ornithology, more than 125 years later, as they would indicate the conditions for the migratory birds at a particular place in time. The details on spring arrival dates would make an especially interesting comparison if available for species other than those given here, and if climatological data could also be evaluated to evaluate any apparent differences.

Poetic Expressions for the Eagle and Whip-poor-will

The White-headed Eagle

Expressly for The Oologist.

Behold in yon skies, with piercing eyes,

The noble king of birds;

Who swift on the wing, his glance doth fling

O'er space untold by words.

Now he pauses on high, quick to descry

Beneath him his victim;

When with a wild dash; as quick as a flash,

Down through the air doth he skim,

As with a fierce shriek, he opens his beak,

His victim to devour

 

Again in the air, - this bird's broadest lair,

From view he circles above,

His piercing sight keen, from his height supreme

Making objects doubly acute.

Not a cloud in the sky; In the air not a sigh,

On this cool, pleasant, calm day.

The water is clear; not a sound do you hear

But the scream of the Eagle far away.

 

His head and his tail their white do unveil,

As he proudly sweeps along.

With pinions wide spread and uplifted head,

Ignoring all birds of their song.

W.

June 1875. Oologist 1(4).

The Whip-poor-will.

On a low bough, above the window sill,

Sang yester eve a lonely whip-poor-will;

An allegretto strain until the close,

Repeated o'er and o'er without repose.

 

And did he weary of the woods, and long

To pipe in haunts of men a little song

And wed it to the moonlight pale and still?

Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will!

 

Ah! who was Will that he should come to woe?

Perchance, a Quaker bird - t'was long ago -

The changing year their promises fulfill

To every May is sent the whip-poor-will.

 

In tender shades of green the earth is drest,

The sun sifts gold around the simplest nest;

And all the bird are joyous; why must he

Mid cherry blossoms pipe a threnody?

 

Ah! who can tell - not all in night time sing,

Not all are larks with sunward soaring wing;

In nature's concert each his part must fill,

And the great master taught the Whip-poor-will.

October 1883. Ornithologist and Oologist 8(10): 80. Reprinted from the Boston Journal, June, ' 83.

Results of Tern and Plover Survey of Lower Niobrara River

A summer survey of Least Terns and Piping Plovers along the lower Niobrara River noted both species occurred commonly at a number of locations.

The count done on June 17, 2009 via airboat counted 127 terns (22 nests) at eighteen different locations, and 80 plover (28 nests) at ten locations within the 40-mile stretch of the river from Highway 137 to the Spencer Dam.

A followup survey was done on July 30th. Probable nesting success was noted during the second survey as a number of chicks or fledglings were observed.

The greater numbers noted, according to information provided by the Nebraska Public Power District, were:

Terns	Nests	Plovers	Nests	July Survey Notes
26	4	17	4	- 25 adult Least Terns, with 8 fledglings, 8 nests, and 4 chicks 12 days old
21	5	10	1	- 4 adult Least Tern with 4 fledglings - 1 Piping Plover
20	6	16	8	colony gone
18	5	10	5	- 2 adult Least Tern with 2 fledglings - 2 Piping Plover adults
10	1	4	0	colony gone
10	0	17	8	sandbar gone

During the late-July survey, at a site where there had been 3 adult terns and two adult plover in June, there were 8 Least Tern adults, with two fledglings and two nests, as well as three adult Piping Plover and one nest.

There was no apparent reason for the two colonies to be gone, according to summary report of the survey results.

Surveys in this area have only been done the past five years on a consistent basis, according to Jim Jenniges, an environmental specialist with NPPD. "This year’s June count of adults was very close to average, nests were down a little but not significant."

The survey is done each season as part of the statewide census to count adult birds in June and is not intended to document nesting.

Mark Peyton with the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District, and Mark Czaplewski with the Central Platte Natural Resource District also helped to conduct the surveys.

Passenger Pigeon Poetry

"The migratory or wild pigeon of North America was known by our race as O-me-me-wog." By Chief Pokagon - Simon Pokagon - of Michigan, a full-blooded Indian, the last Pottawattomie chief of the Pokagon band. From The Chautauquan," November, 1895. Vol. 22. No. 20. Reprinted in The Passenger Pigeon, by W.B. Mershon.

Me-me-og, The Wild Pigeon

In springtime when the rosy hand of morning light

Unfolds the curtain of an April night.

And golden clouds float in the liquid blue.

As guardian spirits, weeping crystal dew,

The frightened woodsman, in wonder list'ning stands!

Thinks a whirlwind is abroad in the land!

Darkness increases, his eyes grow dim.

And as he seeks shelter from the impending wind,

Suddenly his fears are turned to joy, for he sees

Sweeping through and high above the forest trees

Millions of pigeons, on their north-bound way,

Almost shutting out the morning light of day!

Captain O.W. Rowland. History of Van Buren County, Michigan. Volume 1.

Purchase of St. Helena Island to Benefit Many Species

A key tract of land recently purchased by the Corps of Engineers will provide multiple benefits for a variety of flora and fauna along the Missouri National Recreation River along Nebraska's northeast boundary.

The St. Helena Island tract - comprising 2400 acres and seven miles of river frontage - was purchased in July by the Conservation Fund, with ownership transferred to the Corps in November.

The tract was purchased for $10.6 million, according to Mike George, a program manager with the Corps. This is a bit more than $4400 per acre.

This is the first tract of Missouri River property purchased through a cooperative effort with a land trust, and was "a real successful partnership," George said.

The property consists of cottonwood and cedar forest, grassland and cropland. It sits between the Missouri River and a steep bluff and may have been host to an Omaha Indian village in the early 1800s, according to information from the Conservation Fund.

Several prominent features make this an especially important purchase, George said. These include:

1) The property is adjacent to three islands where Least Terns and Piping Plovers nest. Ownership will protect the river bank, and prevent and development adjacent to the habitat of these threatened and endangered species.

2) Their property was historically an island, so the former riverside oxbow and chute setting provide an opportunity for recreating shallow water habitat, which would be beneficial for the endangered Pallid Sturgeon.

3) The riverine cottonwood forest will be conserved for use by Bald Eagles, and a wide variety of other bird species, including neotropic migrants.

4) This tract had been identified as a priority acquisition by the National Park Service due to its visual aesthetics and the extent of forest present.

Area map of the St. Helena Island tract.
Image courtesy of the Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District Office.

In the next few months, a group will be established to make management decisions for the property, said George. Representatives from the National Park Service (which oversees management of the Missouri National Recreation River), the state of Nebraska, the area natural resources district, and local/county agencies are expected to be involved. The group will prepare a master plan for the site which will maximize the benefits which can be derived from the site's ecosystem.

St. Helena Island is expected to be open for public use in the autumn of 2010, as the current landowner will be growing crops for one additional season.

Historic view of the St. Helena Island area. From the 1893 Missouri River Commission map.

An area map and related information will be provided on the Corps' website in coming months, to help the public get further information.

Birder's can readily assist with the management of the property by conducting bird surveys to help site managers realize what species are present, which could be helpful in determining management efforts to improve habitat.

In the immediate vicinity in September 1806, the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition mention the Wild Turkey and Greater Prairie-Chicken. In May 1834, Prince Maximilian noted the Whip-poor-will and White-throated Sparrow during his boat travels down the river.

Some species known to occur - based on a survey more than 25 years ago at St. Helena Bend - include the American Goldfinch, Baltimore Oriole, Bell's Vireo, Belted Kingfisher, Brown Thrasher, Brown-headed Cowbird, Eastern Kingbird, Gray Catbird, Mourning Dove, Orchard Oriole, Ring-necked Pheasant, Song Sparrow and Yellow Warbler.

Funding for the acquisition was included in the Fiscal Year 2010 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, which was recently approved by Congress and provides funding for Corps' programs, including the Missouri River Mitigation Program, through which this property was purchased.

Tern and Plover Nesting Failed in 2009 on Niobrara River Section

The 2009 breeding season was a failure for Least Terns and Piping Plovers along a portion of the Niobrara River.

Based on three surveys done by seasonal biological technicians of the National Park Service office in Valentine, there were no young raised on the lower section of the Niobrara National Scenic River, according to a report just released by the agency.

The section between the Norden Bridge and the Highway 137 Bridge had been surveyed in six to 12 mile segments between June 16th and July 21st, by agency staff floating in kayaks.

On the first survey, five terns and nesting plovers were noted along the river only between the Highway 183 and Highway 7 bridges:

Table 1: 1st Census (6/16-6/25)
River Segment	Date	Mean Flow (cfs)	Terns/Nests/Eggs	Plovers/Nests/Eggs	Unknown Empty Nest
Norden to Meadville	6/25	885	0/0/0	0/0/0	0
Meadville to Hwy 183	6/18	1010	0/0/0	0/0/0	0
Hwy 183 to Hwy 7	6/16	1200	5/0/0	4/4/14	2
Hwy 7 to Carns	6/17	1120	0/0/0	0/0/0	0
Carns to Hwy 137	6/19	926	0/0/0	2/0/0	0

An increased number of these two species were noted on the second survey in latter June and early July:

Table 2: 2nd Census (6/29-7/7)
River Segment	Date	Mean Flow (cfs)	Terns/Nests/Eggs	Plovers/Nests/Eggs	Unknown Empty Nest
Norden to Meadville	7/7	841	0/0/0	0/0/0	0
Meadville to Hwy 183	7/6	922	10/0/0	8/0/0	4
Hwy 183 to Hwy 7	6/29	848	9/4/10	6/7/22	9
Hwy 7 to Carns	6/30	823	0/0/0	0/0/0	0
Carns to Hwy 137	7/2	754	4/0/0	0/0/0	0

A third survey on July 21 to the river segment where birds had been nesting, did not find any terns or plovers.

The sandbar where the birds had been nesting "appeared considerably altered from the previous visit at the end of June," the report said. "There had been a severe thunderstorm on July 13th, with precipitation exceeding two inches; this may have at least partly accounted for the absence of bird signs."

There was also a higher water flow in the river this season, in comparison to last year.

"The river flows in 2009 were considerably higher than in 2008 (a range of 754-922 cfs versus 580-707 cfs for the second census each year)," according to the report.

Overall, the numbers found increased this season in comparison to 2007 and 2008, the survey results indicate.

Results of Adult Census
	Adult Interior Least Terns	Adult Piping Plovers
2007	4	6
2008	6 (0, 6)	1 (0, 1)
2009	28 (5, 23)	20 (6, 14)

No young of either species had been raised in 2008, according to a NPS report issued last year. Three Piping Plover were hatched in 2007, according to Pamela Sprenkle, the resource management specialist for the NNSR.

Available results indicate a wide-range of known breeding success along this section of the Niobrara River in recent years:

2009-- 0 PP - 0 ILT

2008-- 0 PP - 0 ILT

2007-- 3 PP - 0 ILT

2006-- 0 PP - ? ILT

2005-- 10 PP - 4 ILT

2004-- 7 PP - 4 ILT

2003-- 11 PP - 4 or 5 ILT

2002-- 9 PP - 1 ILT

"No full-time resource manager was employed by the park beginning in the spring of 2007," Sprenkle said, "so discussions were held with resource management staff at the Missouri National Recreational River to determine the best way to handle the summer monitoring. Both because of the reduced personnel available and because of the low numbers of hatchlings encountered in the previous year, it was decided that an adult census would be a reasonable substitute: '...this would allow for population comparisons to previous years and when there is a significant increase in bird numbers, then maybe incorporate the nest/productivity checks.'"

"We (including the folks at the Missouri National Recreational River) decided to continue emphasizing the census over systematic followup visits to the sandbars," she added. "I am re-examining the protocols in conjunction with the development of a long-term resource stewardship strategy."

These surveys are conducted by NPS personnel in conjunction with the agency's management of the Niobrara National Scenic River. Park personnel monitor this 40 mile section each year.

Additional species noted during the surveys were: American Bittern, American Goldfinch, American White Pelican, Bald Eagle, Bank Swallow, Barn Swallow, Belted Kingfisher, Black-capped Chickadee, Bullock's Oriole, Canada Goose (including goslings), Chipping Sparrow, Common Grackle, Common Nighthawk, Common Yellowthroat, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Phoebe, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, House Wren, Indigo Bunting, Killdeer, Mallard, Mourning Dove, Pied-billed Grebe, Red-tailed Hawk, Red-winged Blackbird, Spotted Sandpiper, Turkey Vulture and Yellow Warbler.

Project Provides Wetland Habitat for Missouri Valley Birds

A recently completed project at Langdon Bend is creating wetland habitat for the benefit of a variety of birds which occur along the Missouri River.

The project — a partnership of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Nebraska Game and Parks Commission — created three wetland cells, and was completed in November 2009.

Berms were created to increase the extent of wetland habitat in association with the Missouri River Mitigation Project, according to Matthew S. Krajewski, an engineer with the Corps. The cost of constructing the earthen berms necessary to retain water to create wetlands, was $1,685,495, according to Krajewski, and financed by the federal agency.

"The completed project consists of three separate wetland cells totaling 220 acres," said Mike Remund, a NGPC biologist. "Each cell contains a well, electric motor and pump capable of pumping approximately 1000 gallons per minute. All cells are diked and contain water control structures to allow moist soil management."

Diagram of the wetland creation project at Langdon Bend W.M.A.
Image courtesy of the Army Corps of Engineers.

A variety of birds are expected to benefit from the project, Remund said. This will include migrating waterfowl and shorebirds, and other species which utilize wetland habitats along the river. The wetlands will be managed in a manner to benefit all birds, not just migratory waterfowl.

The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, which manages the 1312-acre Langdon Bend W.M.A. three miles south of Brownville Nebraska, recently completed the installation of electric pumps to provide water for the wetland cells built on the floodplain of the river. The installation of the pumps and operational costs was paid from income derived from leasing agricultural crop-land at the site.

A formal operational plan is to be developed, in a cooperative effort by the ACE and NGPC, said Remund. "NGPC biologists will be responsible for making decisions regarding pumping operations. Generally we will be pumping in February to accommodate spring migration and then again in late September-October for the fall migration."

The pumps were being used for the first time in late autumn 2009.

Langdon Bend was originally acquired by the Army Corps of Engineers as a mitigation site. In 2000, the Corps completed construction of a backwater area by excavating fill from a former river chute to provide shallow water habitat.

The NGPC manages the site through a license agreement with the Corps.

Neither agency plans to monitor how birds will be using the created habitat. However, as the entire tract is now open for public use, visits by area birders would help determine which species occur, and indicate the how the project has been helpful for wild birds of the region.

The Origin of the Robin: A Chippewa Story

An old man had an only son, a fine promising lad, who had come to that age which is thought by the Chippewas to be most proper to make the long and final fast, that is to secure through life a guardian spirit, on whom future prosperity or adversity is to depend, and who forms and establishes the character of the faster to great or ignoble deeds.

This old man was ambitious that his son should surpass all others in whatever was deemed most wise and great amongst his tribe. And, to fulfill his wishes, he thought it necessary that his son should fast a much longer time than any of those persons known for their great power or wisdom, whose fame he envied.

He therefore directed him to prepare, with great ceremony, for the important event. After he had been in the sweating lodge and bath several times, he ordered him to lie down upon a clean mat, in the little lodge expressly prepared for him; telling him, at the same tune, to bear himself like a man, and that at the expiration of twelve days he should receive food and the blessing of his father.

The lad carefully observed this injunction, lying with his face covered with perfect composure, awaiting those happy visitations which were to seal his good or ill fortune. His father visited him every morning regularly, to encourage him to perseverance, expatiating at full length on the renown and honour that would attend him "through life if he accomplished the full term prescribed. To the admonitions the boy never answered, but lay without the least sign of unwillingness, till the ninth day, when he addressed his father: "My father, my dreams are ominous of evil; may I break my fast now, and at a more propitious time make a new fast?" The father answered, "My son, you know not what you ask. If you get up now, all your glory will depart; wait patiently a little longer. You have but three days yet to accomplish what I desire. You know it is for your own good."

The son assented, and covering himself closer, he lay till the eleventh day, when he repeated his request to his father. The same answer was given him by the old man, adding, that the next day he would himself prepare his first meal and bring it to him. The boy remained silent, but lay like a skeleton. No one would have known he was living, but by the gentle heaving of his breast.

The next morning, the father, elate at having gained his end, prepared a repast for his son, and hastened to set it before him. On coming to the door, he was surprised to hear his son talking to himself. He stooped to listen, and, looking through a small aperture, was more astonished when he beheld his son painted with vermilion on his breast, and in the act of finishing his work by laying on the paint as far as his hand could reach on his shoulders, saying, at the same time: "My father has ruined me as a man; he would not listen to my request; he will now be the loser. I shall be for ever happy in my new state, for I have been obedient to my parent; he alone will be the sufferer, for the Spirit is a just one, though not propitious to me. He has shown me pity, and now I must go."

At that moment the old man broke in, exclaiming: "My son! my son! Do not leave me!" But his son, with the quickness of a bird, had flown up to the top of the lodge, and perched on the highest pole, a beautiful robin-red-breast. He looked down on his father with pity beaming in his eyes, and told him that he should always love to be near men's dwellings, that he should always be seen happy and contented by the constant cheerfulness and pleasure he would display, that he would still cheer his father by his songs, which would be some consolation to him for the loss of the glory he had expected; and that, although no longer a man, he should ever be the harbinger of peace and joy to the human race.

The foregoing story illustrates the Indian custom of fasting to procure a personal spirit. The moral to be drawn from it is the danger of ambition. We should not seek for unreasonable honours, nor take unusual means to attain them.

From Chandler Robbins Gilman. 1836. Life on the Lakes: Being Tales and Sketches Collected During a Trip to the Pictured Rocks of Lake Superior. In volume I.

Buildings With Known Bird-Strikes at Omaha

Based on surveys done on 219 different days in 2008 and 2009 when bird-strikes were documented, this is a list of the 71 buildings where different wildbirds have been injured or killed in Omaha because of a hazardous situation at a building:

Building - Number of Known Bird-strikes • Qwest Center Omaha: 227 known, with more that have undoubtedly occurred, but where the carcasses are getting thrown into the trash, and could not be documented • 1200 Landmark Center: 65 • Union Pacific Center: 64 • Kiewit-Clarkson Skywalk: 63 • Holland Center for Performing Arts: 53 • Central Park Plaza: 50 • Zorinsky Federal Building: 29 • Omaha Public Power District Energy Plaza: 27 • First National Tower: 26 • Gottschalk Freedom Center: 25 • Harper Center, Creighton University: 21 • Woodmen Tower Skywalk: 19 • Omaha-Douglas Civic Center: 14 • Omaha World-Herald Building: 11 • Kiewit-Clarkson South Skywalk: 9 • Law Building: 8 • Nebraska State Office Building: 8 • American National Bank: 7 • Redfield and Company Building: 7 • J.P. Cooke Company: 5 • Slowdown Lounge: 5 • Woodmen Park: 5 • Biology-Business Buildings Link, Creighton University: 4 • Eppley CBA Building, Creighton University: 3 • First National Bank Building: 3 • Harriman Dispatching Center: 3 • Kutak Rock - Omaha Building: 3 • All Makes Office Equipment Company: 2 • Brandeis Building: 2 • Exchange Building: 2 • First National Data Center: 2 • Reinert-Alumni Memorial Library, Creighton University: 2 • Swanson-Durham Skywalk: 2 • Urban Outfitters: 2

• 1405 Harney Street: 1 • 16th Street - North Skywalk: 1 • 17th and Harney Street: 1 • 22 Building: 1 • Aksarben Village - 6464 Center Street: 1 • American Apparel: 1 • Brandeis Parking Garage: 1 • Curtis Park Service Building: 1 • D.J. Sokol Arena, Creighton University: 1 • Duchesne Academy Skywalk: 1 • Durham Research Center: 1 • Durham Research Centers Commons: 1 • Ehrhart Griffin Building: 1 • Farnam Plaza: 1 • Federal Office Building: 1 • Flatiron Cafe: 1 • Indian Creek Nursery: 1 • Joslyn Lofts: 1 • Keeline Building: 1 • Kimball Lofts: 1 • Laurie and Charles Photographs: 1 • Metropolitan Utilities District building: 1 • Missouri River Project Office: 1 • Mother India Restaurant: 1 • Mr. Toad's Pub: 1 • O'Keefe Elevator Company: 1 • Quick City Building: 1 • Ruth Sokolof Theatre: 1 • Sorrell Center: 1 • The Regis: 1 • Tritsch Garden, Criss Library: 1 • Union Plaza Apartments: 1 • What-Cheer: 1 • Wittson Hall - Bennett Hall Skywalk: 1 • Wittson Hall - Sorrell Center Skywalk: 1 • Woodmen Tower: 1 • World Building: 1

Bird-strikes have certainly occurred elsewhere in Omaha, but for one person it is completely impossible to be at the right place at the right time in order to ducument what is happening. There has been no assistance offered to help in documenting bird strikes, including any help from local birders or conservation groups, who actually seem to be completely indifferent to the ongoing deaths and injuries of the wildbirds.

Species Diversity

These are the 83 distinct species which have been documented as suffering from the hazards of the built environment in east Omaha during the past two years, based on the best identification information available:

Bird Species - Number of Recorded Bird-strikes • Lincoln's Sparrow: 76 • Common Yellowthroat: 70 • Purple Martin: 67 • Common Grackle: 62 • Nashville Warbler: 55 • Wilson's Warbler: 31 • Clay-colored Sparrow: 23 • Mourning Dove: 23 • Indigo Bunting: 22 • Mourning Warbler: 21 • White-throated Sparrow: 20 • Dark-eyed Junco: 18 • Ovenbird: 17 • Tennessee Warbler: 16 • Orange-crowned Warbler: 15 • Sora: 14 • Northern Waterthrush: 14 • Gray Catbird: 10 • Swamp Sparrow: 10 • House Wren: 10 • Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 10 • Marsh Wren: 10 • Yellow Warbler: 9 • Swainson's Thrush: 8 • Chimney Swift: 8 • Baltimore Oriole: 8 • American Robin: 8 • Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 7 • Eastern Wood-Pewee: 6 • Grasshopper Sparrow: 6 • Brown Thrasher: 5 • Chipping Sparrow: 5 • House Finch: 4 • American Redstart: 4 • European Starling: 4 • Virginia Rail: 4 • Harris's Sparrow: 4 • Brown Creeper: 4 • Willow Flycatcher: 4 • American Tree Sparrow: 4 • Ruby-crowned Kinglet: 4 • Yellow-rumped Warbler: 4 • Song Sparrow: 4

• Northern Flicker: 3 • Ruby-throated Hummingbird: 3 • House Sparrow: 2 • Sedge Wren: 2 • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: 2 • Black-and-white Warbler: 2 • Common Nighthawk: 2 • Wilson's Snipe: 2 • Warbling Vireo: 2 • Red-headed Woodpecker: 2 • Palm Warbler: 2 • Least Flycatcher: 2 • Blue Grosbeak: 2 • Dickcissel: 2 • American Goldfinch: 1 • Belted Kingfisher: 1 • Chestnut-sided Warbler: 1 • Cedar Waxwing: 1 • Canada Warbler: 1 • Black-capped Chickadee: 1 • Olive-sided Flycatcher: 1 • Yellow-headed Blackbird: 1 • Worm-eating Warbler: 1 • Wood Duck: 1 • White-crowned Sparrow: 1 • White-breasted Nuthatch: 1 • Spotted Towhee: 1 • Rock Pigeon: 1 • Louisiana Waterthrush: 1 • Orchard Oriole: 1 • Eastern Kingbird: 1 • Mallard: 1 • American Coot: 1 • Hooded Warbler: 1 • Hermit Thrush: 1 • Hairy Woodpecker: 1 • Great Crested Flycatcher: 1 • Fox Sparrow: 1 • Field Sparrow: 1 • Red-eyed Vireo: 1 It should be noted that deaths of the European Starling and Rock Pigeon cannot be considered under the taking clause of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. These instances were recorded for informational purposes only.

Nearly every occurrence of these bird strikes has been documented with a picture of the forlorn carcass or suffering bird at the place of occurrence. This makes for a whole bunch of images from different scenes and situations, which could be considered as a Gallery of Misery for too many birds.

Although the number of bird-strike instances are relatively small in Omaha, in comparison to the many thousands documented from other cities, each death or injury, wherever it occurs, is a tragedy of singular importance.

Bird-Strikes Widespread in Nebraska

Based on an overall evaluation of known bird strikes in eastern Nebraska, this is a summary of the general locations and the number of known instances. It should be realized that the numbers are completely skewed, since they are based - most recently - upon the efforts of one individual, so based on his focus, the numbers will be greater for that place, so there would be many more at the UNL City Campus and each of the locales listed.

General Locale - Total Number of Records • UNL City Campus: 818 • Downtown Omaha: 682 • Nebraska Medical Center Campus: 72 • Creighton University Campus: 31 • North Downtown: 12 • University of Nebraska Medical Center Campus: 7 • UNL East Campus: 7

• Midtown Omaha: 3 • Old Market: 3 • Aksarben Village: 1 • Duchesne Academy: 1 • Omaha Moorings: 1 • Omaha Riverfront: 1 • UNOmaha Campus: 1

Most of these records are based upon personal observations, and are derived from a dataset of records, which makes this type of comparison possible.

Building Owners Responsible

The owners of the buildings where bird strikes occur are responsible for what they cause, and this statement basically conveys the entire situation when considering bird strikes. It may take some time and education to get them to realize this, but is usually realized only after the facts are presented and realized. For some, ignorance seems to be the preferred option.

If there is one benefit from the recent article in the Omaha World-Herald about bird-strikes downtown, there is a new realization among building owners about their being responsible for the what happens. A comment in the article has apparently made a difference, since it came from a government official, and no one would listen to a citizen when it comes to a legal matter, which is the way which several building representatives look at this issue.

Based on discussions with a few building representatives, their perspective on how or whether to deal with the bird-strike situation did change after reading the article.

A wide variety of comments have been heard in discussions on this topic, with some taking responsiblity while others make "excuses" and others make like the proverbial ostrich, and try to ignore the situation. The bottom line is whether the people responsible will, or will not, do something. There is no gray area on this, as it is a simple Yes or No question.

How this whole personal effort to document and information makes a difference in the extent of bird-strikes in Omaha remains to be seen, since only by making conditions less hazardous will fewer birds get injured or killed. This step depends on the building owners ...

Pinnacle Achieved in Compilation of Bird Records for Northern America

A new pinnacle of achievement has been reached in the compilation of bird records prior to the 1880s for Northern American. With the entry of more than 1000 records created by Edgar A. Mearns - of New York from 1871-1882 - this unique database now has more than 100000 distinctive instances of occurrence.

This extent is far beyond any previous expectations for what might result when this effort was initiated more than ten years ago. With an intense focus for the past two years, the information considered has dramatically increased, but has meant personal financial armageddon.

All of the information for the sightings of birds in American northward from Panama, and for the period from the early 1880s, back to ca. B.C. 10000 has been integrated into a relational database with six key tables, that now have the following statistics:

• Items in Bibliography: 2421, which includes about 80 items which it has not been possible to locate in the local university library or online
• Total number of occurrence records: 100168
• Unique entries in the bird species table: 1904, which includes recognized species, generic terms used to refer to birds (i.e., duck, goose, jay, warbler, etc. in order to deal with the myriad of ways in which people historically referred to a bird occurrence); as well as terms which refer to bird-related material, including bird bone artifact, bird effigy, bird-motif garments, petroglyphs or pictographs, skins, decoys, and feather fans. Additional species would be expected, but this will depend on the results of trying to conform the archaic names to a modern equivalent, which is basically one of the two most difficult tasks of this endeavor. it needs to be pointed out that the list includes extinct species, something which is sadly missing in modern taxonomic lists. Why should a species be ignored, and stricken from consideration once it is extinct. This situation also indicates that there is no modern list of species which is completely inclusive.
• A listing of 1403 historic narratives, which is used to determine which sources are known, and which also designates which have information about birds, and the status of its evaluation; there are 1087 which have been reviewed, with others awaiting their consideration. About 1178 are known to have information pertinent to this effort. Additional articles would be included, yet if they were brief, they were not included in this table, but simply entered into the record base, with all the essentials included.
• A table of 2117 records with the distinctly compelling tribal terms which refer to birds.
• Information on 8263 distinct localities; this table includes a distinct name for a particular place at a specific time, so there is some duplication of names. Metadata included for each site includes it situation relative to a current locality, the county (if known), state, and a designated chronology based on the period for the related records. Items are also designated as being either a narrative source, or from an excavation or archeological investigation. This allows the records of these two different types to be extracted separately.

There is some other information in some other tables that has been complied for informational purposes.

Database Considerations

My database was developed in order to have records-based documentation for the period of time being considered.

Originally it was focused on the period from millennia ago, and up to 1800. The chore of dealing with the records of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1807 was a self-imposed barrier. Once the decision was made to forge beyond this - and after a few hundred hours of effort with big stacks of books taking up space - the time period changed, for the better.

Another barrier was ca. 1850, but it was hard to limit the records to a particular period of years, as some sources spanned the period of interest and into other years, so they were added and the focus-period was altered once again.

The current barrier of ca. 1880 is another self-imposed constraint. There are a number of records for 1881-1883 in the record base, but it is those earlier items which are getting the attention. Once again, this is a artificial choice to stop, but there are actually reasons to do so.

The historic record for ornithology burgeons in this period. More bird journals are being issued, beyond the profoundly important Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club and other important journals with zoological articles, into the oological journals and others which are thankfully still being issued. It would be an endless task to continue going forward because of the vast array of sources to address. It was deemed more important to retain a limit and focus on finding whatever possible.

It should be pointed out, that any review of information on birdlife of former times could not be possible without the extensive resources which are now available online. How wonderful to search and search and find pertinent material that was previously unknown.

Historical Significance

There is no other effort underway to compile this sort of information, so this database is completely unique, and its importance to historic ornithology will only increase as further information is integrated.

The information is useful in ways only limited by the user's imagination. There is the opportunity to compare seasonal occurrence records from more than 125 years ago to modern conditions. The records document - based on known sightings, not conjecture - the distributions of a particular species, or bird group.

Personally, I've enjoyed the whole effort because of what is said in the wildly interesting reports, based on the unknown number of pages that have been read and reviewed and considered and analyzed, then documented and eventually copied once the records became part of the database.

There is such a variety of perspectives by so many contributors that can only be appreciated in an individual, yet holistic manner. Each person that took the time to get their observations and efforts recorded, provided something essential, which based on a composite analysis, is so much more than when the focus is myopic, while still expansive.

It is the effort of the individual that makes it possible to present this list of species for the time period considered. The following is a list of the species currently documented in the database, roughly based on the common names and taxonomic sequence provided by the International Ornithological Council, rather than any list provided from a North American bird organization, which does not even include some of the species documented within the area of focus:

Common Name: Number of Records • Great Tinamou: 11 • Highland Tinamou: 1 • Little Tinamou: 3 • Thicket Tinamou: 10 • Slaty-breasted Tinamou: 6 • Variegated Tinamou: 1 • Plain Chachalaca: 29 • Grey-headed Chachalaca: 2 • Rufous-vented Chachalaca: 2 • Rufous-bellied Chachalaca: 1 • West Mexican Chachalaca: 11 • White-bellied Chachalaca: 5 • Crested Guan: 16 • Black Guan: 5 • Highland Guan: 1 • Horned Guan: 3 • Great Curassow: 19 • Black Curassow: 4 • Wattled Curassow: 1 • Helmeted Guineafowl: 14 • Domestic Chicken: 73 • Bearded Wood Partridge: 3 • Long-tailed Wood Partridge: 2 • Buffy-crowned Wood Partridge: 5 • Mountain Quail: 31 • Scaled Quail: 62 • Elegant Quail: 3 • California Quail: 76 • Gambel's Quail: 119 • Banded Quail: 2 • Northern Bobwhite: 574 • Yucatan Bobwhite: 10 • Spot-bellied Bobwhite: 1 • Crested Bobwhite: 8 • Marbled Wood Quail: 2 • Black-eared Wood Quail: 3 • Gorgeted Wood Quail: 1 • Black-breasted Wood Quail: 6 • Spotted Wood Quail: 8 • Singing Quail: 3 • Montezuma Quail: 20 • Ocellated Quail: 6 • Wild Turkey: 1363 • California Turkey: 1 • Great-footed Turkey: 1 • Ocellated Turkey: 31 • Ruffed Grouse: 444 • Spruce Grouse: 150 • Sage Grouse: 212 • Gunnison Grouse: 14 • Dusky Grouse: 196 • Sharp-tailed Grouse: 288 • Lesser Prairie Chicken: 33 • Greater Prairie Chicken: 375 • White-tailed Ptarmigan: 16 • Rock Ptarmigan: 82 • Willow Ptarmigan: 187 • Grey Partridge: 7 • Common Quail: 3 • Red Junglefowl: 1 • Common Pheasant: 5 • Indian Peafowl: 7 • White-faced Whistling Duck: 3 • Black-bellied Whistling Duck: 26 • West Indian Whistling Duck: 28 • Fulvous Whistling Duck: 9 • Bean Goose: 2 • Greater White-fronted Goose: 144 • Snow Goose: 454 • Ross's Goose: 14 • Emperor Goose: 17 • Canada Goose: 1149 • Cackling Goose: 83 • Nene: 1 • Brant Goose: 253 • Barnacle Goose: 24 • Law's Diving-Goose: 18 • Extinct Sheldgoose: 1 • Trumpeter Swan: 318 • Tundra Swan: 201 • Egyptian Goose: 1 • Muscovy Duck: 23 • Wood Duck: 392 • Gadwall: 183 • Eurasian Wigeon: 13 • American Wigeon: 280 • American Black Duck: 200 • Mallard: 572 • Mexican Duck: 1 • Mottled Duck: 2 • Blue-winged Teal: 379 • Cinnamon Teal: 68 • Northern Shoveler: 273 • White-cheeked Pintail: 9 • Labrador Duck: 33 • Northern Pintail: 291 • Common Eider: 171 • Eurasian Teal: 5 • Green-winged Teal: 391 • Red-crested Pochard: 1 • Canvasback: 189 • Redhead: 161 • Ferruginous Duck: 2 • Ring-necked Duck: 138 • Tufted Duck: 1 • Greater Scaup: 142 • Lesser Scaup: 147 • Steller's Eider: 12 • Spectacled Eider: 13 • King Eider: 109 • Harlequin Duck: 93 • Surf Scoter: 136 • White-winged Scoter: 130 • Black Scoter: 88 • Long-tailed Duck: 219 • Bufflehead: 265 • Common Goldeneye: 201 • Barrow's Goldeneye: 17 • Smew: 1 • Hooded Merganser: 234 • Common Merganser: 221 • Red-breasted Merganser: 195 • Masked Duck: 16 • Ruddy Duck: 172 • Red-throated Loon: 135 • Black-throated Loon: 63 • Pacific Loon: 20 • Great Northern Loon: 306 • Yellow-billed Loon: 14 • Laysan Albatross: 2 • Black-footed Albatross: 14 • Short-tailed Albatross: 44 • Sooty Albatross: 1 • Light-mantled Albatross: 2 • Northern Fulmar: 122 • Cape Petrel: 1 • Cahow: 11 • Black-capped Petrel: 9 • Jamaica Petrel: 4 • Mottled Petrel: 1 • Black Petrel: 1 • Cory's Shearwater: 1 • Buller's Shearwater: 1 • Manx Shearwater: 21 • Black-vented Shearwater: 3 • Audubon's Shearwater: 38 • Sooty Shearwater: 26 • Short-tailed Shearwater: 13 • Pink-footed Shearwater: 4 • Great Shearwater: 32 • Wilson's Storm Petrel: 52 • White-bellied Storm Petrel: 1 • European Storm Petrel: 20 • Least Storm Petrel: 1 • Leach's Storm Petrel: 49 • Black Storm Petrel: 3 • Ashy Storm Petrel: 3 • Fork-tailed Storm Petrel: 12 • Least Grebe: 30 • Pied-billed Grebe: 273 • Red-necked Grebe: 133 • Horned Grebe: 141 • Black-necked Grebe: 94 • Western Grebe: 56 • Clark's Grebe: 7 • Greater Flamingo: 58 • Wood Stork: 77 • Jabiru: 3 • Green Ibis: 2 • Club-winged Ibis: 3 • American White Ibis: 71 • Scarlet Ibis: 17 • Glossy Ibis: 50 • White-faced Ibis: 21 • Roseate Spoonbill: 65 • Rufescent Tiger Heron: 4 • Bare-throated Tiger Heron: 19 • Agami Heron: 1 • Boat-billed Heron: 15 • American Bittern: 304 • Least Bittern: 147 • Black-crowned Night Heron: 200 • Yellow-crowned Night Heron: 82 • Bermuda Night-Heron: 1 • Green Heron: 264 • Great Blue Heron: 463 • Great Egret: 220 • Capped Heron: 1 • Reddish Egret: 35 • Tricolored Heron: 57 • Little Blue Heron: 118 • Snowy Egret: 145 • Little Egret: 1 • Red-billed Tropicbird: 32 • White-tailed Tropicbird: 20 • Magnificent Frigatebird: 90 • American White Pelican: 314 • Brown Pelican: 127 • Northern Gannet: 90 • Masked Booby: 3 • Red-footed Booby: 11 • Brown Booby: 57 • Brandt's Cormorant: 31 • Neotropic Cormorant: 17 • Double-crested Cormorant: 267 • Spectacled Cormorant: 2 • Great Cormorant: 49 • Anhinga: 67 • Pelagic Shag: 53 • Red-faced Shag: 10 • Turkey Vulture: 510 • Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture: 2 • Black Vulture: 102 • Occidental Vulture: 5 • Painted Vulture: 2 • Cuban Condor: 1 • King Vulture: 11 • California Condor: 74 • Ancestral Condor: 1 • Rancho La Brea Condor: 1 • Merriam's Teratorn: 1 • Red-throated Caracara: 6 • Northern Crested Caracara: 42 • Guadalupe Caracara: 2 • Creighton's Caracara: 1 • Cheriway Caracara: 3 • Terrestrial Caracara: 1 • Bahamas Caracara: 1 • Puerto Rican Caracara: 1 • Yellow-headed Caracara: 1 • Laughing Falcon: 20 • Barred Forest Falcon: 5 • Lined Forest Falcon: 3 • Collared Forest Falcon: 11 • Buckley's Forest Falcon: 2 • American Kestrel: 517 • Cuban Kestrel: 3 • Swarth Falcon: 1 • Aplomado Falcon: 22 • Merlin: 265 • Bat Falcon: 13 • Orange-breasted Falcon: 3 • Gyrfalcon: 76 • Prairie Falcon: 124 • Peregrine Falcon: 212 • Osprey: 334 • Grey-headed Kite: 7 • Hook-billed Kite: 7 • Cuban Kite: 5 • Swallow-tailed Kite: 126 • White-tailed Kite: 21 • Snail Kite: 10 • Slender-billed Kite: 1 • Double-toothed Kite: 1 • Mississippi Kite: 55 • Plumbeous Kite: 2 • White-tailed Eagle: 3 • Bald Eagle: 647 • Steller's Sea Eagle: 2 • Northern Harrier: 380 • Grey-bellied Hawk: 1 • Semicollared Hawk: 1 • Sharp-shinned Hawk: 239 • Cooper's Hawk: 203 • Gundlach's Hawk: 2 • Bicolored Hawk: 14 • Northern Goshawk: 150 • Crane Hawk: 6 • Barred Hawk: 2 • Semiplumbeous Hawk: 3 • White Hawk: 7 • Rufous Crab Hawk: 1 • Common Black Hawk: 35 • Great Black Hawk: 16 • Savanna Hawk: 1 • Harris's Hawk: 19 • Cuban Titan-Hawk: 1 • Black-collared Hawk: 4 • Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle: 1 • Montane Solitary Eagle: 1 • Grey-lined Hawk: 26 • Roadside Hawk: 29 • Red-shouldered Hawk: 199 • Broad-winged Hawk: 116 • Short-tailed Hawk: 6 • Swainson's Hawk: 152 • White-tailed Hawk: 7 • Variable Hawk: 7 • Zone-tailed Hawk: 8 • Red-tailed Hawk: 450 • Ferruginous Hawk: 64 • Roughleg: 177 • Crested Eagle: 1 • Harpy Eagle: 10 • Golden Eagle: 278 • Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle: 4 • Black Hawk-Eagle: 8 • American Neophron: 1 • Fragile Eagle: 2 • Ornate Hawk-Eagle: 14 • Sunbittern: 7 • Yellow Rail: 53 • Antillean Cave-Rail: 8 • Ruddy Crake: 1 • White-throated Crake: 4 • Grey-breasted Crake: 2 • Black Rail: 44 • Clapper Rail: 65 • King Rail: 70 • Virginia Rail: 139 • Corn Crake: 5 • Rufous-necked Wood Rail: 4 • Grey-necked Wood Rail: 15 • Uniform Crake: 4 • Little Crake: 4 • Sora: 225 • Yellow-breasted Crake: 3 • Spotted Rail: 4 • Purple Gallinule: 86 • Common Moorhen: 127 • American Coot: 412 • Caribbean Coot: 6 • Sungrebe: 2 • Black Crowned Crane: 1 • Sandhill Crane: 619 • Whooping Crane: 135 • Cuban Flightless Crane: 1 • Limpkin: 36 • Double-striped Thick-knee: 5 • Brodkorb's Thick-knee: 1 • Black Oystercatcher: 29 • American Oystercatcher: 72 • Eurasian Oystercatcher: 1 • Black-necked Stilt: 97 • American Avocet: 157 • Northern Lapwing: 5 • La Brea Lapwing: 1 • European Golden Plover: 2 • Pacific Golden Plover: 2 • American Golden Plover: 241 • Grey Plover: 160 • New Zealand Plover: 99 • Common Ringed Plover: 15 • Semipalmated Plover: 154 • Wilson's Plover: 53 • Killdeer: 370 • Piping Plover: 80 • Snowy Plover: 15 • Collared Plover: 2 • Mountain Plover: 49 • Northern Jacana: 40 • Wattled Jacana: 3 • Eurasian Woodcock: 5 • American Woodcock: 252 • Puerto Rican Woodcock: 2 • Wilson's Snipe: 414 • Short-billed Dowitcher: 137 • Long-billed Dowitcher: 26 • Black-tailed Godwit: 2 • Hudsonian Godwit: 80 • Bar-tailed Godwit: 10 • Marbled Godwit: 131 • Whimbrel: 90 • Bristle-thighed Curlew: 2 • Long-billed Curlew: 280 • Upland Sandpiper: 234 • Spotted Redshank: 6 • Common Greenshank: 2 • Greater Yellowlegs: 242 • Lesser Yellowlegs: 217 • Green Sandpiper: 2 • Solitary Sandpiper: 214 • Wood Sandpiper: 1 • Common Sandpiper: 1 • Spotted Sandpiper: 290 • Grey-tailed Tattler: 1 • Wandering Tattler: 18 • Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 55 • Willet: 168 • Ruddy Turnstone: 162 • Black Turnstone: 18 • Surfbird: 7 • Red Knot: 109 • Sanderling: 131 • Semipalmated Sandpiper: 169 • Western Sandpiper: 7 • Red-necked Stint: 1 • Least Sandpiper: 208 • White-rumped Sandpiper: 76 • Cooper's Sandpiper: 1 • Baird's Sandpiper: 44 • Pectoral Sandpiper: 142 • Sharp-tailed Sandpiper: 1 • Curlew Sandpiper: 23 • Purple Sandpiper: 55 • Rock Sandpiper: 7 • Dunlin: 115 • Stilt Sandpiper: 63 • Spoon-billed Sandpiper: 1 • Ruff: 11 • Wilson's Phalarope: 86 • Red-necked Phalarope: 109 • Red Phalarope: 66 • Heermann's Gull: 24 • Mew Gull: 53 • Ring-billed Gull: 109 • California Gull: 36 • Great Black-backed Gull: 86 • Glaucous-winged Gull: 49 • Western Gull: 34 • Glaucous Gull: 146 • Iceland Gull: 29 • Thayer's Gull: 2 • Herring Gull: 216 • Vega Gull: 1 • Lesser Black-backed Gull: 6 • Common Black-headed Gull: 18 • Bonaparte's Gull: 126 • Laughing Gull: 98 • Franklin's Gull: 44 • Little Gull: 1 • Ivory Gull: 58 • Ross's Gull: 2 • Sabine's Gull: 33 • Black-legged Kittiwake: 118 • Red-legged Kittiwake: 8 • Gull-billed Tern: 50 • Caspian Tern: 21 • Elegant Tern: 3 • Sandwich Tern: 29 • Royal Tern: 78 • Roseate Tern: 33 • Common Tern: 136 • Arctic Tern: 101 • Forster's Tern: 49 • Snowy-crowned Tern: 2 • Least Tern: 107 • Aleutian Tern: 2 • Bridled Tern: 6 • Sooty Tern: 60 • Black Tern: 138 • Brown Noddy: 26 • Black Noddy: 3 • Black Skimmer: 53 • Great Skua: 12 • Pomarine Skua: 36 • Parasitic Jaeger: 84 • Long-tailed Jaeger: 14 • Little Auk: 109 • Thick-billed Murre: 47 • Common Murre: 113 • Razorbill: 67 • Great Auk: 60 • Black Guillemot: 156 • Pigeon Guillemot: 41 • Marbled Murrelet: 28 • Long-billed Murrelet: 1 • Xantus's Murrelet: 5 • Craveri's Murrelet: 1 • Ancient Murrelet: 23 • Cassin's Auklet: 23 • Parakeet Auklet: 20 • Least Auklet: 13 • Whiskered Auklet: 3 • Crested Auklet: 28 • Rhinoceros Auklet: 30 • Atlantic Puffin: 54 • Horned Puffin: 28 • Dow's Puffin: 1 • Tufted Puffin: 59 • Common Pigeon: 9 • White-crowned Pigeon: 57 • Scaly-naped Pigeon: 15 • Scaled Pigeon: 8 • Bare-eyed Pigeon: 18 • Band-tailed Pigeon: 58 • Ring-tailed Pigeon: 14 • Pale-vented Pigeon: 12 • Red-billed Pigeon: 25 • Plain Pigeon: 15 • Ruddy Pigeon: 4 • Short-billed Pigeon: 4 • Ringed Turtle-Dove: 1 • Mourning Dove: 549 • Socorro Dove: 2 • Passenger Pigeon: 782 • Zenaida Dove: 53 • White-winged Dove: 36 • Inca Dove: 18 • Common Ground Dove: 114 • Ruddy Ground Dove: 20 • Blue Ground Dove: 12 • Maroon-chested Ground Dove: 1 • White-tipped Dove: 29 • Grey-fronted Dove: 6 • Caribbean Dove: 7 • Grey-chested Dove: 5 • Buff-fronted Quail-Dove: 4 • Olive-backed Quail-Dove: 6 • Grey-fronted Quail-Dove: 4 • Crested Quail-Dove: 4 • White-faced Quail-Dove: 5 • Chiriqui Quail-Dove: 11 • Key West Quail-Dove: 10 • Bridled Quail-Dove: 4 • Violaceous Quail-Dove: 3 • Ruddy Quail-Dove: 32 • Blue-headed Quail-Dove: 7 • Carolina Parakeet: 256 • Puerto Rican Quail-Dove: 5 • Blue-and-yellow Macaw: 3 • Red-tailed Macaw: 1 • Martinique Macaw: 2 • Dominican Macaw: 2 • St. Croix Macaw: 1 • Military Macaw: 16 • Scarlet Macaw: 59 • Cuban Red Macaw: 16 • Lesser Antillean Macaw: 6 • Gosse's Macaw: 2 • Chestnut-fronted Macaw: 2 • Thick-billed Parrot: 9 • Green Parakeet: 5 • Socorro Parakeet: 2 • Cuban Parakeet: 4 • Hispaniolan Parakeet: 11 • Jamaican Parakeet: 9 • Aztec Parakeet: 7 • Orange-fronted Parakeet: 12 • Brown-throated Parakeet: 7 • Blaze-winged Parakeet: 2 • Sulphur-winged Parakeet: 7 • Barred Parakeet: 5 • Mexican Parrotlet: 1 • Green-rumped Parrotlet: 1 • Orange-chinned Parakeet: 19 • Brown-hooded Parrot: 5 • Blue-headed Parrot: 6 • White-capped Parrot: 10 • White-crowned Parrot: 11 • Cuban Amazon: 15 • Yellow-billed Amazon: 5 • Hispaniolan Amazon: 9 • White-fronted Amazon: 5 • Yucatan Amazon: 2 • Black-billed Amazon: 7 • Puerto Rican Amazon: 4 • Red-crowned Amazon: 3 • Lilac-crowned Amazon: 4 • Red-lored Amazon: 10 • Yellow-headed Amazon: 11 • Yellow-naped Amazon: 12 • Yellow-crowned Amazon: 1 • Guadeloupe Parrot: 5 • Martinique Parrot: 3 • Mealy Amazon: 8 • Red-necked Amazon: 1 • St. Vincent Amazon: 3 • Imperial Amazon: 2 • Greater Ani: 2 • Smooth-billed Ani: 47 • Groove-billed Ani: 28 • Striped Cuckoo: 10 • Pheasant Cuckoo: 7 • Lesser Ground Cuckoo: 10 • Greater Roadrunner: 74 • Conkling Roadrunner: 3 • Lesser Roadrunner: 10 • Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo: 2 • Little Cuckoo: 1 • Squirrel Cuckoo: 40 • Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 210 • Pearly-breasted Cuckoo: 2 • Mangrove Cuckoo: 40 • Cocos Cuckoo: 1 • Black-billed Cuckoo: 174 • Chestnut-bellied Cuckoo: 5 • Bay-breasted Cuckoo: 1 • Jamaican Lizard Cuckoo: 7 • Great Lizard Cuckoo: 8 • Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo: 8 • Hispaniolan Lizard Cuckoo: 5

• Barn Owl: 136 • Bahaman Barn Owl: 2 • Barbudan Barn Owl: 1 • Puerto Rican Barn Owl: 1 • Hispaniolan Barn Owl: 1 • Flammulated Owl: 10 • Eastern Screech Owl: 223 • Western Screech Owl: 21 • Whiskered Screech Owl: 1 • Tropical Screech Owl: 2 • Bearded Screech Owl: 1 • Vermiculated Screech Owl: 7 • Puerto Rican Screech Owl: 7 • Bare-legged Owl: 10 • Snowy Owl: 218 • Great Horned Owl: 426 • Cuban Giant Owl: 1 • Spotted Owl: 8 • Barred Owl: 226 • Fulvous Owl: 1 • Great Grey Owl: 76 • Mottled Owl: 13 • Black-and-white Owl: 5 • Crested Owl: 5 • Spectacled Owl: 10 • Northern Hawk-Owl: 94 • Northern Pygmy Owl: 24 • Ferruginous Pygmy Owl: 10 • Cuban Pygmy Owl: 8 • Elf Owl: 6 • Burrowing Owl: 165 • Boreal Owl: 40 • Northern Saw-whet Owl: 130 • Jamaican Owl: 5 • Stygian Owl: 5 • Long-eared Owl: 177 • Short-eared Owl: 200 • Great Potoo: 1 • Northern Potoo: 9 • Common Potoo: 3 • Lesser Nighthawk: 24 • Common Nighthawk: 407 • Antillean Nighthawk: 3 • Pauraque: 25 • Common Poorwill: 54 • Cuban Poorwill: 1 • Jamaican Pauraque: 4 • Puerto Rican Nightjar: 3 • Chuck-will's-widow: 64 • Rufous Nightjar: 2 • Greater Antillean Nightjar: 3 • Tawny-collared Nightjar: 2 • Buff-collared Nightjar: 1 • Whip-poor-will: 300 • Dusky Nightjar: 1 • American Black Swift: 12 • Chestnut-collared Swift: 2 • White-collared Swift: 20 • Lesser Antillean Swift: 3 • Costa Rican Swift: 1 • Vaux's Swift: 14 • Chimney Swift: 256 • Short-tailed Swift: 4 • White-throated Swift: 27 • Antillean Palm Swift: 14 • Great Swallow-tailed Swift: 2 • White-tipped Sicklebill: 3 • Rufous-breasted Hermit: 2 • Bronzy Hermit: 2 • Band-tailed Barbthroat: 3 • Green Hermit: 8 • Long-billed Hermit: 6 • Scale-throated Hermit: 1 • Little Hermit: 12 • Stripe-throated Hermit: 1 • Green-fronted Lancebill: 2 • Scaly-breasted Hummingbird: 6 • Wedge-tailed Sabrewing: 9 • Rufous Sabrewing: 4 • Violet Sabrewing: 18 • White-necked Jacobin: 9 • Brown Violetear: 3 • Green Violetear: 21 • Green-breasted Mango: 13 • Black-throated Mango: 1 • Veraguan Mango: 5 • Antillean Mango: 10 • Green Mango: 4 • Jamaican Mango: 10 • Purple-throated Carib: 11 • Green-throated Carib: 20 • Ruby Topaz: 2 • Antillean Crested Hummingbird: 30 • Violet-headed Hummingbird: 10 • Emerald-chinned Hummingbird: 5 • Rufous-crested Coquette: 4 • Black-crested Coquette: 5 • White-crested Coquette: 1 • Green Thorntail: 5 • Red-billed Streamertail: 4 • Blue-chinned Sapphire: 1 • Canivet's Emerald: 19 • Garden Emerald: 11 • Blue-tailed Emerald: 1 • Glittering-bellied Emerald: 2 • Cuban Emerald: 6 • Brace's Emerald: 1 • Hispaniolan Emerald: 5 • Puerto Rican Emerald: 4 • Fiery-throated Hummingbird: 5 • White-tailed Emerald: 3 • Coppery-headed Emerald: 4 • Stripe-tailed Hummingbird: 8 • Black-bellied Hummingbird: 3 • Dusky Hummingbird: 2 • Broad-billed Hummingbird: 12 • Blue-headed Hummingbird: 2 • Violet-crowned Woodnymph: 2 • Fork-tailed Woodnymph: 10 • Violet-capped Woodnymph: 2 • Violet-bellied Hummingbird: 3 • Sapphire-throated Hummingbird: 12 • Blue-throated Sapphire: 7 • Cinnamon Hummingbird: 13 • Buff-bellied Hummingbird: 8 • Rufous-tailed Hummingbird: 23 • Amazilia Hummingbird: 4 • White-bellied Emerald: 9 • Azure-crowned Hummingbird: 10 • Violet-crowned Hummingbird: 8 • Blue-chested Hummingbird: 6 • Mangrove Hummingbird: 1 • Honduran Emerald: 1 • Steely-vented Hummingbird: 7 • Snowy-bellied Hummingbird: 11 • Blue-tailed Hummingbird: 3 • Berylline Hummingbird: 12 • Snowcap: 5 • White-vented Plumeleteer: 2 • Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer: 3 • Blue-throated Mountaingem: 8 • Amethyst-throated Mountaingem: 8 • Green-throated Mountaingem: 4 • White-bellied Mountaingem: 6 • Purple-throated Mountaingem: 17 • White-throated Mountaingem: 11 • Xantus's Hummingbird: 4 • White-eared Hummingbird: 15 • Garnet-throated Hummingbird: 5 • Green-crowned Brilliant: 11 • Magnificent Hummingbird: 17 • Bahama Woodstar: 7 • Purple-crowned Fairy: 10 • Plain-capped Starthroat: 9 • Long-billed Starthroat: 18 • Sparkling-tailed Woodstar: 3 • Slender Sheartail: 8 • Mexican Sheartail: 2 • Magenta-throated Woodstar: 11 • Lucifer Sheartail: 6 • Beautiful Sheartail: 2 • Vervain Hummingbird: 10 • Bee Hummingbird: 4 • Ruby-throated Hummingbird: 349 • Black-chinned Hummingbird: 27 • Anna's Hummingbird: 24 • Costa's Hummingbird: 14 • Bumblebee Hummingbird: 12 • Wine-throated Hummingbird: 1 • Broad-tailed Hummingbird: 32 • Rufous Hummingbird: 67 • Allen's Hummingbird: 2 • Volcano Hummingbird: 5 • Glow-throated Hummingbird: 2 • Scintillant Hummingbird: 8 • Calliope Hummingbird: 18 • Cuban Trogon: 10 • Hispaniolan Trogon: 5 • Black-headed Trogon: 11 • Citreoline Trogon: 11 • Amazonian White-tailed Trogon: 2 • Baird's Trogon: 2 • Violaceous Trogon: 25 • Mountain Trogon: 11 • Elegant Trogon: 6 • Collared Trogon: 28 • Black-throated Trogon: 14 • Slaty-tailed Trogon: 19 • Lattice-tailed Trogon: 5 • Black-tailed Trogon: 9 • Resplendent Quetzal: 20 • American Pygmy Kingfisher: 13 • Green-and-rufous Kingfisher: 3 • Green Kingfisher: 41 • Amazon Kingfisher: 14 • Ringed Kingfisher: 18 • Belted Kingfisher: 489 • Cuban Tody: 5 • Broad-billed Tody: 5 • Jamaican Tody: 5 • Puerto Rican Tody: 3 • Tody Motmot: 4 • Blue-throated Motmot: 1 • Russet-crowned Motmot: 9 • Blue-crowned Motmot: 40 • Rufous Motmot: 7 • Keel-billed Motmot: 10 • Broad-billed Motmot: 7 • Turquoise-browed Motmot: 20 • Emerald Toucanet: 15 • Collared Aracari: 22 • Fiery-billed Aracari: 7 • Yellow-eared Toucanet: 8 • Keel-billed Toucan: 14 • White-throated Toucan: 2 • Chestnut-mandibled Toucan: 8 • Spot-crowned Barbet: 2 • Red-headed Barbet: 5 • Prong-billed Barbet: 6 • Olivaceous Piculet: 4 • Antillean Piculet: 5 • Lewis's Woodpecker: 98 • Puerto Rican Woodpecker: 8 • Red-headed Woodpecker: 322 • Acorn Woodpecker: 62 • Golden-naped Woodpecker: 1 • Black-cheeked Woodpecker: 11 • Hispaniolan Woodpecker: 7 • Jamaican Woodpecker: 7 • Golden-cheeked Woodpecker: 4 • Grey-breasted Woodpecker: 2 • Yucatan Woodpecker: 15 • Red-crowned Woodpecker: 3 • Gila Woodpecker: 18 • Hoffmann's Woodpecker: 5 • Golden-fronted Woodpecker: 31 • Red-bellied Woodpecker: 156 • West Indian Woodpecker: 8 • Williamson's Sapsucker: 37 • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: 258 • Red-naped Sapsucker: 23 • Red-breasted Sapsucker: 31 • Chestnut Woodpecker: 1 • Cuban Green Woodpecker: 7 • Ladder-backed Woodpecker: 34 • Nuttall's Woodpecker: 17 • Downy Woodpecker: 299 • Hairy Woodpecker: 326 • Strickland's Woodpecker: 6 • Red-cockaded Woodpecker: 42 • White-headed Woodpecker: 23 • American Three-toed Woodpecker: 65 • Black-backed Woodpecker: 62 • Smoky-brown Woodpecker: 10 • Little Woodpecker: 2 • Red-rumped Woodpecker: 2 • Rufous-winged Woodpecker: 1 • Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker: 1 • Golden-olive Woodpecker: 7 • Northern Flicker: 684 • Gilded Flicker: 7 • Fernandina's Flicker: 6 • Cinnamon Woodpecker: 2 • Chestnut-colored Woodpecker: 13 • Lineated Woodcreeper: 18 • Pileated Woodpecker: 238 • Crimson-bellied Woodpecker: 2 • Crimson-crested Woodpecker: 5 • Pale-billed Woodpecker: 21 • Ivory-billed Woodpecker: 64 • European Green Woodpecker: 1 • Rufous-tailed Jacamar: 17 • Great Jacamar: 3 • Guianan Puffbird: 6 • Black-breasted Puffbird: 1 • Pied Puffbird: 1 • White-whiskered Puffbird: 13 • Grey-cheeked Nunlet: 1 • White-fronted Nunbird: 6 • White-ruffed Manakin: 10 • Blue-crowned Manakin: 4 • White-collared Manakin: 13 • Golden-collared Manakin: 3 • Orange-collared Manakin: 2 • Long-tailed Manakin: 13 • Lance-tailed Manakin: 8 • Blue Manakin: 1 • White-crowned Manakin: 4 • Red-capped Manakin: 12 • Golden-headed Manakin: 3 • Black-crowned Tityra: 11 • Black-tailed Tityra: 1 • Masked Tityra: 27 • Thrush-like Schiffornis: 11 • Speckled Mourner: 6 • Barred Becard: 1 • Cinereous Becard: 2 • Cinnamon Becard: 6 • White-winged Becard: 9 • Black-and-white Becard: 2 • Grey-collared Becard: 11 • One-colored Becard: 2 • Rose-throated Becard: 23 • Jamaican Becard: 5 • Sharpbill: 2 • Lovely Cotinga: 7 • Three-wattled Bellbird: 10 • Rufous Piha: 9 • Snowy Cotinga: 5 • Purple-throated Fruitcrow: 4 • Bare-necked Umbrellabird: 9 • Grey-headed Piprites: 2 • Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet: 1 • Greenish Elaenia: 12 • Jamaican Elaenia: 5 • Yellow-bellied Elaenia: 16 • Caribbean Elaenia: 13 • Lesser Elaenia: 2 • Mountain Elaenia: 10 • Brown-capped Tyrannulet: 2 • Northern Beardless Tyrannulet: 5 • Southern Beardless Tyrannulet: 3 • Torrent Tyrannulet: 3 • Yellow Tyrannulet: 2 • Paltry Tyrannulet: 14 • Panamanian Tyrannulet: 1 • Rufous-browed Tyrannulet: 2 • Streak-necked Flycatcher: 1 • Olive-striped Flycatcher: 6 • Ochre-bellied Flycatcher: 15 • Sepia-capped Flycatcher: 4 • Slaty-capped Flycatcher: 3 • Northern Scrub Flycatcher: 2 • Bran-colored Flycatcher: 3 • Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant: 1 • Black-tailed Myiobius: 2 • Northern Bentbill: 10 • Southern Bentbill: 1 • Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant: 8 • Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant: 3 • Slaty-headed Tody-Flycatcher: 3 • Common Tody-Flycatcher: 20 • Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher: 3 • Brownish Twistwing: 1 • Eye-ringed Flatbill: 8 • Olivaceous Flatbill: 3 • Yellow-olive Flatbill: 16 • Stub-tailed Spadebill: 7 • White-throated Spadebill: 4 • Golden-crowned Spadebill: 4 • Amazonian Royal Flycatcher: 19 • Sulphur-rumped Myiobius: 13 • Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher: 6 • Euler's Flycatcher: 24 • Tawny-chested Flycatcher: 2 • Eastern Phoebe: 296 • Black Phoebe: 47 • Say's Phoebe: 92 • Northern Tufted Flycatcher: 13 • Olive-sided Flycatcher: 132 • Greater Pewee: 6 • Dark Pewee: 4 • Ochraceous Pewee: 1 • Western Wood Pewee: 86 • Eastern Wood Pewee: 216 • Tropical Pewee: 4 • Hispaniolan Pewee: 2 • Jamaican Pewee: 3 • Lesser Antillean Pewee: 4 • Yellow-bellied Flycatcher: 127 • Acadian Flycatcher: 92 • Willow Flycatcher: 105 • Alder Flycatcher: 5 • White-throated Flycatcher: 1 • Least Flycatcher: 212 • Hammond's Flycatcher: 17 • American Grey Flycatcher: 37 • Pine Flycatcher: 2 • Pacific-slope Flycatcher: 11 • Yellowish Flycatcher: 8 • Buff-breasted Flycatcher: 9 • Black-capped Flycatcher: 1 • Vermilion Flycatcher: 36 • Cuban Pewee: 11 • Long-tailed Tyrant: 5 • Piratic Flycatcher: 15 • Rusty-margined Flycatcher: 2 • Social Flycatcher: 30 • Grey-capped Flycatcher: 3 • Great Kiskadee: 22 • Lesser Kiskadee: 1 • White-ringed Flycatcher: 1 • Golden-bellied Flycatcher: 5 • Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher: 18 • Streaked Flycatcher: 10 • Boat-billed Flycatcher: 21 • Tropical Kingbird: 38 • Couch's Kingbird: 5 • Cassin's Kingbird: 26 • Thick-billed Kingbird: 6 • Western Kingbird: 130 • Scissor-tailed Flycatcher: 39 • Fork-tailed Flycatcher: 29 • Eastern Kingbird: 380 • Grey Kingbird: 50 • Giant Kingbird: 4 • Loggerhead Kingbird: 24 • Rufous Mourner: 11 • Yucatan Flycatcher: 1 • Sad Flycatcher: 4 • Dusky-capped Flycatcher: 2 • Panamanian Flycatcher: 6 • Ash-throated Flycatcher: 43 • Nutting's Flycatcher: 2 • Great Crested Flycatcher: 208 • Brown-crested Flycatcher: 26 • La Sagra's Flycatcher: 3 • Stolid Flycatcher: 9 • Puerto Rican Flycatcher: 4 • Lesser Antillean Flycatcher: 8 • Flammulated Flycatcher: 2 • Bright-rumped Attila: 14 • Fasciated Antshrike: 7 • Great Antshrike: 10 • Black-crested Antshrike: 4 • Barred Antshrike: 32 • Black-hooded Antshrike: 9 • Western Slaty Antshrike: 1 • Northern Slaty Antshrike: 6 • Amazonian Antshrike: 1 • Russet Antshrike: 5 • Plain Antvireo: 11 • Streak-crowned Antvireo: 3 • Spot-crowned Antvireo: 1 • Checker-throated Antwren: 2 • Ornate Antwren: 1 • Pygmy Antwren: 3 • Guianan Streaked Antwren: 1 • White-flanked Antwren: 7 • Slaty Antwren: 11 • Dot-winged Antwren: 10 • Southern White-fringed Antwren: 1 • Dusky Antbird: 13 • Jet Antbird: 1 • Bare-crowned Antbird: 8 • White-bellied Antbird: 1 • Chestnut-backed Antbird: 2 • Dull-mantled Antbird: 5 • Immaculate Antbird: 9 • Bicolored Antbird: 6 • Spotted Antbird: 5 • Ocellated Antbird: 4 • Black-faced Antthrush: 9 • Mayan Antthrush: 1 • Rufous-breasted Antthrush: 1 • Black-crowned Antpitta: 4 • Scaled Antpitta: 9 • Streak-chested Antpitta: 8 • Thicket Antpitta: 3 • Ochre-breasted Antpitta: 5 • White-whiskered Spinetail: 1 • Grey-bellied Spinetail: 1 • Pale-breasted Spinetail: 1 • Rufous-breasted Spinetail: 9 • Slaty Spinetail: 4 • Dusky Spinetail: 1 • Red-faced Spinetail: 7 • Spotted Barbtail: 8 • Ruddy Treerunner: 4 • Buffy Tuftedcheek: 5 • Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner: 10 • Lineated Foliage-gleaner: 4 • Eastern Woodhaunter: 2 • Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner: 1 • Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner: 2 • Streak-breasted Treehunter: 4 • Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner: 8 • Ruddy Foliage-gleaner: 11 • Tawny-throated Leaftosser: 9 • Scaly-throated Leaftosser: 2 • Plain Xenops: 12 • Plain-brown Woodcreeper: 4 • Tawny-winged Woodcreeper: 6 • Ruddy Woodcreeper: 6 • Olivaceous Woodcreeper: 11 • Wedge-billed Woodcreeper: 10 • White-throated Woodcreeper: 1 • Great Rufous Woodcreeper: 1 • Northern Barred Woodcreeper: 10 • Black-banded Woodcreeper: 4 • Buff-throated Woodcreeper: 2 • Cocoa Woodcreeper: 2 • Ivory-billed Woodcreeper: 12 • Black-striped Woodcreeper: 5 • Spotted Woodcreeper: 16 • White-striped Woodcreeper: 3 • Streak-headed Woodcreeper: 11 • Spot-crowned Woodcreeper: 13 • Red-billed Scythebill: 1 • Brown-billed Scythebill: 2 • Loggerhead Shrike: 228 • Great Grey Shrike: 193 • Rufous-browed Peppershrike: 18 • Chestnut-sided Shrike-Vireo: 5 • Green Shrike-Vireo: 4 • Slaty Vireo: 2 • White-eyed Vireo: 134 • Thick-billed Vireo: 2 • Mangrove Vireo: 9 • Jamaican Vireo: 4 • Cuban Vireo: 3 • Puerto Rican Vireo: 3 • Bell's Vireo: 44 • Black-capped Vireo: 2 • Grey Vireo: 3 • Blue Mountain Vireo: 2 • Yellow-throated Vireo: 125 • Plumbeous Vireo: 16 • Cassin's Vireo: 6 • Blue-headed Vireo: 160 • Yellow-winged Vireo: 2 • Hutton’s Vireo: 11 • Golden Vireo: 3 • Warbling Vireo: 181 • Brown-capped Vireo: 4 • Philadelphia Vireo: 46 • Red-eyed Vireo: 261 • Yellow-green Vireo: 19 • Black-whiskered Vireo: 30 • Yucatan Vireo: 1 • Golden-fronted Greenlet: 2 • Scrub Greenlet: 4 • Tawny-crowned Greenlet: 4 • Lesser Greenlet: 15 • Grey Jay: 161 • Purplish-backed Jay: 1 • Azure-hooded Jay: 9 • Silvery-throated Jay: 1 • Bushy-crested Jay: 7 • San Blas Jay: 1 • Yucatan Jay: 7 • Black-chested Jay: 2 • Plush-crested Jay: 1 • Green Jay: 24 • Brown Jay: 25 • Black-throated Magpie-Jay: 5 • White-throated Magpie-Jay: 9 • Blue Jay: 329 • Extinct Jay: 1 • Steller's Jay: 160 • Mexican Jay: 20 • Unicolored Jay: 7 • Western Scrub Jay: 68 • Florida Scrub Jay: 31 • Pinyon Jay: 42 • Dwarf Jay: 4 • Black-billed Magpie: 277 • Yellow-billed Magpie: 20 • Clark's Nutcracker: 86 • American Crow: 652 • Northwestern Crow: 37 • Fish Crow: 71 • Hispaniolan Palm Crow: 5 • Cuban Palm Crow: 4 • Puerto Rican Crow: 1 • Jamaican Crow: 7 • Cuban Crow: 12 • White-necked Crow: 12 • Northern Raven: 696 • Chihuahuan Raven: 28

• Bohemian Waxwing: 102 • Cedar Waxwing: 292 • Black-and-yellow Phainoptila: 5 • Grey Silky-flycatcher: 13 • Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher: 6 • Phainopepla: 29 • Palmchat: 8 • Carolina Chickadee: 56 • Black-capped Chickadee: 269 • Mountain Chickadee: 49 • Mexican Chickadee: 5 • Grey-headed Chickadee: 3 • Boreal Chickadee: 48 • Chestnut-backed Chickadee: 19 • Bridled Titmouse: 9 • Oak Titmouse: 25 • Juniper Titmouse: 3 • Tufted Titmouse: 140 • Black-crested Titmouse: 9 • Verdin: 17 • Sand Martin: 273 • Tree Swallow: 307 • Mangrove Swallow: 5 • Golden Swallow: 11 • Violet-green Swallow: 65 • Bahama Swallow: 1 • Purple Martin: 367 • Cuban Martin: 2 • Caribbean Martin: 31 • Grey-breasted Martin: 4 • Blue-and-white Swallow: 6 • Black-capped Swallow: 2 • Northern Rough-winged Swallow: 134 • Southern Rough-winged Swallow: 9 • Barn Swallow: 387 • American Cliff Swallow: 323 • Cave Swallow: 4 • American Bushtit: 59 • Eurasian Skylark: 5 • Horned Lark: 392 • Arctic Warbler: 3 • Eurasian Blackcap: 1 • Wrentit: 13 • Golden-crowned Kinglet: 202 • Ruby-crowned Kinglet: 236 • White-headed Wren: 1 • Band-backed Wren: 14 • Grey-barred Wren: 5 • Rufous-naped Wren: 16 • Spotted Wren: 2 • Boucard’s Wren: 3 • Yucatan Wren: 3 • Cactus Wren: 15 • Rock Wren: 98 • Canyon Wren: 33 • Sumichrast's Wren: 1 • Sedge Wren: 75 • Marsh Wren: 138 • Bewick's Wren: 86 • Socorro Wren: 4 • Black-throated Wren: 3 • Black-bellied Wren: 4 • Happy Wren: 4 • Spot-breasted Wren: 9 • Rufous-breasted Wren: 8 • Riverside Wren: 1 • Bay Wren: 6 • Stripe-breasted Wren: 5 • Banded Wren: 9 • Carolina Wren: 114 • Rufous-and-white Wren: 10 • Sinaloa Wren: 3 • Plain Wren: 12 • Buff-breasted Wren: 3 • Long-billed Wren: 1 • Winter Wren: 190 • House Wren: 337 • Ochraceous Wren: 1 • White-bellied Wren: 6 • White-breasted Wood Wren: 9 • Grey-breasted Wood Wren: 7 • Northern Nightingale-Wren: 4 • Southern Nightingale-Wren: 2 • Musician Wren: 2 • Tawny-faced Gnatwren: 5 • Long-billed Gnatwren: 8 • Blue-grey Gnatcatcher: 154 • Black-tailed Gnatcatcher: 16 • California Gnatcatcher: 1 • Cuban Gnatcatcher: 1 • White-lored Gnatcatcher: 5 • Black-capped Gnatcatcher: 5 • Tropical Gnatcatcher: 6 • Pygmy Nuthatch: 47 • Brown-headed Nuthatch: 32 • Red-breasted Nuthatch: 185 • White-breasted Nuthatch: 231 • Brown Creeper: 203 • Grey Catbird: 364 • Black Catbird: 3 • Northern Mockingbird: 353 • Tropical Mockingbird: 16 • Bahama Mockingbird: 11 • Long-tailed Mockingbird: 1 • Sage Thrasher: 94 • Socorro Mockingbird: 3 • Brown Thrasher: 282 • Long-billed Thrasher: 7 • Grey Thrasher: 3 • Bendire's Thrasher: 10 • Ocellated Thrasher: 2 • Curve-billed Thrasher: 26 • California Thrasher: 17 • Crissal Thrasher: 9 • Le Conte's Thrasher: 5 • White-breasted Thrasher: 8 • Blue Mockingbird: 12 • Blue-and-white Mockingbird: 3 • Scaly-breasted Thrasher: 8 • Pearly-eyed Thrasher: 18 • Brown Trembler: 12 • Grey Trembler: 1 • Common Starling: 3 • Varied Thrush: 54 • Eastern Bluebird: 553 • Western Bluebird: 75 • Mountain Bluebird: 118 • Townsend's Solitaire: 54 • Brown-backed Solitaire: 11 • Cuban Solitaire: 5 • Rufous-throated Solitaire: 18 • Black-faced Solitaire: 7 • Slate-colored Solitaire: 5 • Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush: 3 • Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush: 19 • Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush: 5 • Russet Nightingale-Thrush: 4 • Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush: 6 • Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush: 7 • Spotted Nightingale-Thrush: 2 • Veery: 151 • Grey-cheeked Thrush: 43 • Bicknell's Thrush: 2 • Swainson's Thrush: 185 • Hermit Thrush: 255 • Wood Thrush: 211 • Yellow-legged Thrush: 1 • American Bare-eyed Thrush: 2 • Sooty Thrush: 6 • Black Thrush: 5 • Mountain Thrush: 9 • Cocoa Thrush: 4 • Pale-vented Thrush: 4 • Clay-colored Thrush: 32 • White-eyed Thrush: 10 • White-throated Thrush: 21 • Rufous-backed Robin: 4 • Rufous-collared Thrush: 5 • American Robin: 919 • White-chinned Thrush: 6 • Red-legged Thrush: 30 • Forest Thrush: 7 • Bluethroat: 2 • Northern Wheatear: 22 • Aztec Thrush: 4 • Olivaceous Flycatcher: 6 • American Dipper: 90 • House Sparrow: 180 • Eurasian Tree Sparrow: 3 • Bronze Mannikin: 2 • Eastern Yellow Wagtail: 6 • Red-throated Pipit: 1 • Buff-bellied Pipit: 227 • Sprague's Pipit: 22 • Olive Warbler: 5 • European Serin: 1 • Atlantic Canary: 3 • Yellow-fronted Canary: 1 • Jamaican Euphonia: 4 • Scrub Euphonia: 11 • Yellow-crowned Euphonia: 6 • Purple-throated Euphonia: 1 • Violaceous Euphonia: 1 • Thick-billed Euphonia: 5 • Yellow-throated Euphonia: 17 • Elegant Euphonia: 15 • Antillean Euphonia: 17 • Fulvous-vented Euphonia: 4 • Spot-crowned Euphonia: 1 • Olive-backed Euphonia: 7 • White-vented Euphonia: 6 • Tawny-capped Euphonia: 4 • Blue-crowned Chlorophonia: 7 • Golden-browed Chlorophonia: 6 • European Greenfinch: 1 • Pine Siskin: 173 • Black-capped Siskin: 1 • Red Siskin: 3 • Hooded Siskin: 1 • Antillean Siskin: 2 • Black-headed Siskin: 8 • American Goldfinch: 302 • Lesser Goldfinch: 60 • Lawrence's Goldfinch: 11 • European Goldfinch: 6 • Common Redpoll: 199 • Arctic Redpoll: 16 • Common Linnet: 1 • Grey-crowned Rosy Finch: 55 • Purple Finch: 220 • Cassin's Finch: 36 • House Finch: 72 • Pine Grosbeak: 153 • Red Crossbill: 171 • Two-barred Crossbill: 118 • Eurasian Bullfinch: 2 • Evening Grosbeak: 48 • Hooded Grosbeak: 6 • Bachman's Warbler: 9 • Golden-winged Warbler: 101 • Blue-winged Warbler: 100 • Tennessee Warbler: 126 • Orange-crowned Warbler: 111 • Nashville Warbler: 170 • Virginia's Warbler: 10 • Lucy's Warbler: 7 • Flame-throated Warbler: 6 • Crescent-chested Warbler: 7 • Northern Parula: 228 • Tropical Parula: 9 • Chestnut-sided Warbler: 193 • American Yellow Warbler: 448 • Blackpoll Warbler: 193 • Bay-breasted Warbler: 132 • Blackburnian Warbler: 196 • Magnolia Warbler: 177 • Cerulean Warbler: 99 • Cape May Warbler: 121 • Black-throated Blue Warbler: 182 • Yellow-rumped Warbler: 418 • Black-throated Grey Warbler: 38 • Golden-cheeked Warbler: 5 • Black-throated Green Warbler: 186 • Townsend's Warbler: 27 • Hermit Warbler: 26 • Yellow-throated Warbler: 111 • Grace's Warbler: 15 • Prairie Warbler: 104 • Adelaide's Warbler: 6 • Olive-capped Warbler: 3 • Pine Warbler: 138 • Kirtland’s Warbler: 20 • Palm Warbler: 140 • Plumbeous Warbler: 2 • Arrowhead Warbler: 5 • Whistling Warbler: 4 • Black-and-white Warbler: 249 • American Redstart: 305 • Prothonotary Warbler: 58 • Worm-eating Warbler: 100 • Swainson's Warbler: 11 • Ovenbird: 261 • Northern Waterthrush: 198 • Louisiana Waterthrush: 100 • Kentucky Warbler: 76 • Connecticut Warbler: 63 • Mourning Warbler: 117 • MacGillivray's Warbler: 57 • Common Yellowthroat: 329 • Belding's Yellowthroat: 1 • Bahama Yellowthroat: 2 • Black-polled Yellowthroat: 2 • Masked Yellowthroat: 1 • Grey-crowned Yellowthroat: 7 • Yellow-headed Warbler: 4 • Oriente Warbler: 2 • Semper's Warbler: 2 • Hooded Warbler: 117 • Wilson's Warbler: 212 • Canada Warbler: 152 • Red-faced Warbler: 5 • Red Warbler: 14 • Pink-headed Warbler: 1 • Painted Whitestart: 13 • Slate-throated Whitestart: 26 • Collared Whitestart: 7 • Fan-tailed Warbler: 5 • Golden-crowned Warbler: 13 • Rufous-capped Warbler: 22 • Golden-browed Warbler: 6 • Black-cheeked Warbler: 3 • Three-striped Warbler: 2 • Buff-rumped Warbler: 9 • Yellow-breasted Chat: 262 • Red-breasted Chat: 4 • Grey-throated Chat: 6 • Chestnut-headed Oropendola: 18 • Crested Oropendola: 1 • Montezuma Oropendola: 7 • Black Oropendola: 1 • Yellow-rumped Cacique: 2 • Scarlet-rumped Cacique: 6 • Mexican Cacique: 13 • Yellow-billed Cacique: 35 • Venezuelan Troupial: 3 • Spot-breasted Oriole: 8 • Yellow-tailed Oriole: 18 • Martinique Oriole: 4 • St. Lucia Oriole: 2 • Greater Antillean Oriole: 19 • Black-cowled Oriole: 18 • Orchard Oriole: 199 • Hooded Oriole: 26 • Black-vented Oriole: 5 • Bar-winged Oriole: 3 • Scott's Oriole: 11 • Yellow-backed Oriole: 10 • Audubon’s Oriole: 14 • Baltimore Oriole: 298 • Black-backed Oriole: 6 • Bullock's Oriole: 102 • Streak-backed Oriole: 7 • Jamaican Oriole: 9 • Orange Oriole: 2 • Yellow Oriole: 3 • Altamira Oriole: 19 • Jamaican Blackbird: 2 • Giant Cowbird: 11 • Bronzed Cowbird: 24 • Thick-billed Cowbird: 1 • Shiny Cowbird: 1 • Brown-headed Cowbird: 312 • Cuban Blackbird: 6 • Melodious Blackbird: 8 • Red-winged Blackbird: 622 • Red-shouldered Blackbird: 5 • Tricolored Blackbird: 16 • Tawny-shouldered Blackbird: 6 • Yellow-shouldered Blackbird: 5 • Rusty Blackbird: 179 • Brewer's Blackbird: 143 • Common Grackle: 356 • Carib Grackle: 12 • Great-tailed Grackle: 9 • Boat-tailed Grackle: 89 • Slender-billed Grackle: 5 • Greater Antillean Grackle: 23 • Eastern Meadowlark: 308 • Western Meadowlark: 230 • Yellow-headed Blackbird: 176 • Bobolink: 315 • Bananaquit: 66 • McCown's Longspur: 27 • Lapland Longspur: 111 • Smith's Longspur: 18 • Chestnut-collared Longspur: 53 • Snow Bunting: 302 • Lark Bunting: 97 • Fox Sparrow: 271 • Song Sparrow: 377 • Lincoln's Sparrow: 138 • Swamp Sparrow: 134 • Rufous-collared Sparrow: 14 • Harris's Sparrow: 33 • White-crowned Sparrow: 307 • White-throated Sparrow: 225 • Golden-crowned Sparrow: 36 • Volcano Junco: 3 • Dark-eyed Junco: 454 • Yellow-eyed Junco: 13 • Savannah Sparrow: 261 • Seaside Sparrow: 38 • Nelson's Sparrow: 13 • Saltmarsh Sparrow: 29 • Le Conte's Sparrow: 6 • Baird's Sparrow: 12 • Henslow's Sparrow: 48 • Grasshopper Sparrow: 159 • American Tree Sparrow: 189 • Chipping Sparrow: 319 • Field Sparrow: 147 • Black-chinned Sparrow: 8 • Clay-colored Sparrow: 70 • Brewer's Sparrow: 63 • Vesper Sparrow: 253 • Lark Sparrow: 177 • Black-throated Sparrow: 36 • Sage Sparrow: 26 • Stripe-headed Sparrow: 8 • Black-chested Sparrow: 2 • Bridled Sparrow: 3 • Cinnamon-tailed Sparrow: 2 • Rufous-winged Sparrow: 20 • Cassin's Sparrow: 14 • Bachman's Sparrow: 37 • Botteri's Sparrow: 6 • Rufous-crowned Sparrow: 8 • Rusty Sparrow: 14 • Oaxaca Sparrow: 1 • Five-striped Sparrow: 1 • Striped Sparrow: 3 • Green-tailed Towhee: 70 • Collared Towhee: 5 • Spotted Towhee: 134 • Eastern Towhee: 269 • White-throated Towhee: 4 • Canyon Towhee: 44 • Abert's Towhee: 16 • Rusty-crowned Ground Sparrow: 6 • Prevost's Ground Sparrow: 9 • White-eared Ground Sparrow: 9 • Olive Sparrow: 21 • Green-backed Sparrow: 11 • Black-striped Sparrow: 2 • Orange-billed Sparrow: 14 • Chestnut-capped Brush Finch: 24 • Large-footed Finch: 5 • Sooty-faced Finch: 5 • Rufous-capped Brush Finch: 5 • White-naped Brush Finch: 19 • Yellow-thighed Finch: 8 • Dusky-faced Tanager: 2 • Grey-headed Tanager: 8 • Fulvous-crested Tanager: 1 • White-shouldered Tanager: 7 • Tawny-crested Tanager: 7 • White-lined Tanager: 2 • Black-throated Shrike-Tanager: 4 • White-throated Shrike-Tanager: 14 • Crimson-collared Tanager: 13 • Crimson-backed Tanager: 10 • Huallaga Tanager: 1 • Passerini's Tanager: 19 • Flame-rumped Tanager: 7 • Blue-grey Tanager: 30 • Yellow-winged Tanager: 18 • Palm Tanager: 10 • Blue-and-gold Tanager: 2 • Plain-colored Tanager: 3 • Emerald Tanager: 1 • Silver-throated Tanager: 8 • Speckled Tanager: 1 • Bay-headed Tanager: 8 • Rufous-winged Tanager: 1 • Lesser Antillean Tanager: 3 • Golden-hooded Tanager: 18 • Spangle-cheeked Tanager: 3 • Scarlet-thighed Dacnis: 4 • Blue Dacnis: 5 • Shining Honeycreeper: 5 • Red-legged Honeycreeper: 30 • Green Honeycreeper: 11 • Sulphur-rumped Tanager: 1 • Scarlet-browed Tanager: 2 • Black-and-yellow Tanager: 2 • Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer: 9 • Slaty Flowerpiercer: 9 • Peg-billed Finch: 1 • Saffron Finch: 3 • Grassland Yellow Finch: 1 • Blue-black Grassquit: 22 • Variable Seedeater: 20 • Grey Seedeater: 1 • Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater: 23 • Yellow-bellied Seedeater: 1 • Ruddy-breasted Seedeater: 1 • Thick-billed Seed Finch: 6 • Blue Seedeater: 2 • Cuban Bullfinch: 8 • Cuban Grassquit: 7 • Yellow-faced Grassquit: 38 • Black-faced Grassquit: 30 • Yellow-shouldered Grassquit: 3 • Puerto Rican Bullfinch: 4 • Greater Antillean Bullfinch: 13 • Lesser Antillean Bullfinch: 19 • Orangequit: 4 • Cocos Finch: 1 • Common Bush Tanager: 17 • Sooty-capped Bush Tanager: 3 • Yellow-throated Bush Tanager: 3 • Flame-colored Tanager: 11 • Hepatic Tanager: 25 • Summer Tanager: 165 • Rose-throated Tanager: 4 • Scarlet Tanager: 242 • Western Tanager: 79 • White-winged Tanager: 11 • Red-headed Tanager: 1 • Red-crowned Ant Tanager: 20 • Red-throated Ant Tanager: 4 • Puerto Rican Tanager: 2 • Black-crowned Tanager: 5 • Grey-crowned Tanager: 1 • Western Spindalis: 20 • Puerto Rican Spindalis: 5 • Jamaican Spindalis: 1 • Rosy Thrush-Tanager: 9 • Dickcissel: 176 • Mexican Yellow Grosbeak: 1 • Black-thighed Grosbeak: 12 • Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 217 • Black-headed Grosbeak: 107 • Northern Cardinal: 357 • Vermilion Cardinal: 1 • Pyrrhuloxia: 14 • Black-faced Grosbeak: 11 • Crimson-collared Grosbeak: 4 • Slate-colored Grosbeak: 5 • Black-headed Saltator: 23 • Buff-throated Saltator: 28 • Greyish Saltator: 20 • Lesser Antillean Saltator: 14 • Streaked Saltator: 2 • Blue-black Grosbeak: 14 • Blue Bunting: 10 • Blue Grosbeak: 106 • Indigo Bunting: 251 • Lazuli Bunting: 96 • Varied Bunting: 11 • Painted Bunting: 78 • Rose-bellied Bunting: 2 • Orange-breasted Bunting: 6 • Bird bone artifact: 12 • Bird bone awl: 5 • Bird bone whistle: 5 • Bird bundle: 9 • Bird burial: 3 • Bird effigy: 225 • Bird effigy calumet: 26 • Bird effigy whistle: 2 • Bird fetish: 2 • Bird figurine: 5 • Bird-head effigy: 11 • Bird hieroglyph: 6 • Bird petroglyph: 61 • Bird pictograph: 22 • Owl petroglyph: 7 • Owl pictograph: 1 • Bird-motif garment: 98 • Bird-item blanket: 3 • Bird illustration: 1 • Birdstone: 1 • Bird motif pottery: 10 • Bird shell engraving: 2 • Bird skins: 11 • Bird stone sculpture: 1 • Bird decoy: 3 • Bird feather artifact: 10 • Bird feather fan: 13 Taxonomic sequence based on a 2008 list, but which will be updated some the decision is made to deal with this situation, as the people working on this topic are continually changing their lists, which makes it a drudge of a task to stay current. Perhaps any bird lists should just be presented in alphabetic order!

There are a number of other means of analysis, such as records per state, species per state, distribution of each species, variations in distributions, etc. but that would require so much more than is the intent of this essay.

Further details would be pending.

A Special Thanks

There aren't any particular people that deserve any particular thanks for assistance.

In many instances the opposite applies. Information was requested, yet nothing was provided. This is particularly appropriate in one case, in trying to determine the modern equivalents for the birds noted by Sloane in Jamaica.

Despite efforts during the past year, in communication with someone that developed a whole book on species and references, asking pertinent personnel in Jamaica, and after more than one inquiry to the British museum which is the repository for the Sloane material, it has still not been possible to resolve the name. One comment heard was "Why should we do your research?" How self-limiting was this view taken when asked, instead of perhaps showing an interest sufficient to determining what species had been observed. This was obviously not the view for those asked, and knowing the modern names remains something unable to determine.

It has seemed to be the opposite in this effort, that the documentary effort has been used to improve record-keeping. This is applicable to the material in the online database of the Smithsonian Institution, which is a premier source for anyone doing an evaluation of historic ornithology. There is a caveat though, look closely at the details, as there are errors in the data, and it is certainly worthwhile to have a critical eye when looking at records, and provide feedback to improve its quality. This has been done repeatedly, with great results, as the discrepancies were changed and the record accuracy improved.

There is only a single woman living in Carthage that deserves the biggest hug of gratitude. Without her patience and eventual understanding, working on this project and gathering the huge amount of information would not have been possible. To you I express a special and heartfelt thanks!

Importance of Historic Ornithology

Onward this endeavour goes with a profound appreciation for the experience it has provided and a hope its value will be realized! Understanding distribution of birds in the past is essential for comparison to peresnet and future considerations.

Some day, perhaps, this database information will be available online for all to consider, enjoy, and understand. Wouldn't it be grand to simply click a few times to determine the calendar of warbler migration that can be derived from the astute observations of Mr. Mearns, in the Hudson Highlands.

Why can't this dataset be integrated with other efforts to provide a record of bird phenology from the 1860s into the modern era? How this can be developed is a prime consideration, but a laudatory goal that can be easily accomplished with the resources available now.

It would be so grand to click on a map to see the distribution of the Passenger Pigeon for any particular decade, and then select an option to see how this range varies through the years until the species becomes extinct. Or what was the historic distribution of the Whooping Crane, or Carolina Parakeet.

The information is now available, but accessible to only one person in the whole world. This should not be the situation, as it is obvious that others would appreciate being able to learn more, and perhaps make a contribution. The scientific value would be simply priceless.

The history of the birds deserves its own place of importance, in the growing awareness of people working to realize the value of understanding the essentials, and sublime, of historic ornithology.