Cedar Removal Underway at Cherry County Wildlife Refuges

Special funding of $10,000 from the regional office of the Fish and Wildlife Service will be used to remove unwanted cedar trees from grassland areas at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge.

Planning is currently underway to define the places where the unwanted trees will be removed, said Todd Frerichs, assistant manager of the Fort Niobrara-Valentine refuge complex. A contractor will be hired to carry out the work this summer.

“Valentine refuge is an important sandhills prairie and wetland area, and removing cedar trees is essential to retaining grassland conditions for native birds,” Frerichs said. “Cedars reduce the quality of the prairie.”

Mechanical clearing is required since many of the invasive trees have grown too large for control by burning, he said. The cedar trees are spread out over a broader landscape, and the supplemental funding allows rehabilitation of an expanse of prairie.

Cedar trees were historically very rare at this tract which spreads across more than 70,000 acres, and is a significant migratory bird refuge in the region.

Cedar removal has also been underway at Fort Niobrara NWR northeast of Valentine. During recent months refuge staff have removed cedar trees in the Niobrara River corridor from the entrance bridge over the river and southward to near Borman Bridge Wildlife Management Area, a state owned tract.

The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission also helped to remove invasive cedars on the south end of Fort Niobrara refuge, adjacent to Borman Bridge WMA, Frerichs said. The state agency used a shear mounted on a skid-steer loader to remove trees at the wildlife area, and were able to also do additional work on the adjacent federal lands.

“Since the Big Rock fire about two years ago, people in the area are more aware of fire as a danger, and more receptive to the clearing of unwanted cedar trees,” said Frerichs. “We have received several positive comments regarding our removal work on the refuge along Highway 12, east of the golf course.”

Planning is now underway on how to best remove the invasive trees elsewhere in the Niobrara River valley at the refuge. An extensive growth of these trees has developed adjacent to the river and pose a threat to the desired oak, pine and cottonwood trees.

If a wild fire was to occur, said Frerichs, the large amount of accumulated fuel would burn so hot that it would likely destroy the desirable trees.

Portions of the area wanting to be eventually cleared are within the wilderness area of the refuge, and a special justification would need to be prepared to conduct cedar removal in these areas. Elsewhere on the refuge, buffalo have been effective in inhibiting the spread of cedar in areas where these animals graze. Regular controlled burns have also inhibited the spread of cedars into prairie areas.

Refuge staff are also considering how to best remove unwanted cedar trees invading the prairie tracts at the Seier NWR, south of Bassett.

"It takes a lot of work to remove invasive cedar trees,” Frerichs said, “but if we can find enough time and funding we can achieve a goal fairly quickly in an area and make a difference in re-establishing the desired grassland and woodland conditions.”

Radio Expedition Sensitive to Environment at Ducie Island

The recent VP6DX radio expedition to remote Ducie Island accomplished more than a record number or contacts world-wide. The nineteen visitors also worked to minimize any impacts and to remove any trash present on the atoll where they stayed for about two weeks during mid-February.

Looking west along the beach on Acadia Island, the main islet covering the NW, N, and E shores, Ducie Atoll. Photograph by Angela K. Kepler, courtesy of Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum.

There were several environmental goals during their visit, said Eric Scace, a member of the expedition team from the northeast United States. These included:

"1) to leave the island cleaner than it was when we arrived, by collecting trash left by previous visitors and some flotsam.

"Trash and recyclables were removed from the island daily. This included our own trash and stuff picked up each day off the island. (We tried to do a little bit every day, along with a complete sweep of the areas around our campsites on our last days.) That all went into the hold of the ship, and I wasn't there to make a total count. Some items were big: a couple of old fishnet radio beacons were the biggest. We partially disassembled them to make them easier to transport back to the ship and stow for disposal back home.

2) "to avoid damage/change to the basic structure of the island: reefs, shoals, rocks, soil, wooded areas, etc.

3) "to remove all of our own materials and trash, especially all plastics and non-organic materials. Ashes were scattered to avoid concentrations, and human waste was buried at a site not used by plants.

4) "to avoid disturbing plants and animals (with the exceptions of fish caught for food and firewood burned), and to tolerate as much as possible those critters which choose to visit our sites. In practice, this meant avoiding a lot of hermit crabs when walking around at night!

5) "to segregate and recycle used materials from the island and from on-board ship activities back in New Zealand. All plastics/non-organic trash from the island and generated on-board ship was also captured for disposal in New Zealand. Used engine oil from the generators was captured during oil changes for recycling in New Zealand."

Expedition members also undertook efforts to reduce any hazards associated with the several antenna arrays erected to provide radio communications.

"We took care to keep all antennas (with one exception) in open areas (hard limestone or loose large old coral), and there were no ground nests (or remnants of ground nests) in the areas of our camps or antennas at the time of construction," Scace said. “We saw no interactions between birds of any kind and the antennas, other than one or two adult fairy terns perched on horizontal cross-arms."

The two bird species noted to have fledglings during the mid-February visit were Fairy Terns and Brown Noddies, Scace said. "The team photographer took photos of most birds seen at the island, so those might be helpful to others interested in make a more positive identification."

"At one camp, about ten days into the operation, a curious fledgling noddy walked into the camp area. We marked off an area around him so that he would remain undisturbed (we were mostly concerned that the resident hermit crabs not bother him at night)... and found him more curious about us than we were about him. He spent a couple of evenings in his marked off patch of coral, and a few days later was not seen again. I saw two other fledglings testing their not-yet-functional wings near the lagoon's edge in open areas of limestone. One of these I saw several times over the course of two days. Initially I wondered whether these individuals were in trouble, as they were not near any obvious nest and not clearly supervised... but it seemed like this was a normal part of their life cycle... they were not lethargic or displaying obvious signs of distress or weakness, did not appear to be bothered by hermit crabs, and disappeared on their own schedule without a trace (e.g., no carcass on the site)."

Scace said he “was actually very surprised at overall very low number of birds at Ducie during the visit. Besides these two species, there was a handful of frigate birds (only one or two on the ground, none making displays of their red sacs) and a few transient boobies (maybe a dozen individuals over the course of 3 weeks). In one area I could hear at night a group of chattering birds whose calls sounded very duck-like, but never saw an individual that I could associate with the sound; I think these were gathered in heavy underbrush. I saw one hawk-like silhouette on a branch, which definitely surprised me... but I had no field guide to use to make an identification. There was very little bird chatter in general, far less than on other equatorial/tropical uninhabited Pacific Islands on which I have worked (Jarvis, Mellish Reef, Clipperton) or south Indian Ocean islands (St. Brandon in September, for instance, where one hears fairy terns and noddies talking all the time, day and night). I can't comment, based on a single visit in February, whether this was just due to the time of year, due to location, or due to the nature of food sources in that region."

The expedition noted further details for the natural history of the atoll.

"There are no rats/mice on Ducie Island or any other kind of mammal (other than us radio operators and ship's crew)," Scace said. “No sign of turtles or turtle nesting in the areas I visited ... no roaches ... no biting insects. The largest insect we saw was a spider. Other animals included hermit crabs (three shades of red), two varieties of land crab, a very small ghost-like land crab (about 2 cm across), a very small gecko-like lizard (about 4 cm long), and a wide variety (but not annoying population) of small flying insects (about gnat-sized in general)."

Scace couldn't say the expedition did not have any impact on the environment.

"Of course the ship burned diesel fuel during its trip, and we burned gasoline in our generators to make electricity. We ate some fish caught in the waters around the island and on the sea voyage. We burned dead twigs and branches in a camp fire in order to cook our food. We dug latrines in loose coral and buried our feces. Probably, if one ran the numbers, the 19 of us (13 radio operators and 6 ship's crew) used less fossil fuels than we would have used back in our home countries during the same period. So maybe the net planetary impact for these people was less.

"All of us who visited Ducie Island loved its beauty. As a radio expedition, by all external measures the trip was a big success. But for the 19 of us privileged to live on the island for a time, we took away memories and friendships to be treasured for the remainder of our lifetimes. It's hard to describe the sense of wonder in seeing the full moon rise offshore while in an eclipse, to smile at the antics of the fearless and inquisitive fairy terns, to suddenly notice a row of coral trout watching you, or the simple visual delight of looking across the lagoon at dawn or sunset. We felt we were the luckiest people on the planet, to be able to undertake a project for the benefit of a hobby that we love, to do so with people we enjoyed, and to live for a time in such a beautiful corner of the planet. And, as a co-leader of this project, I hope the team's behavior was such that we would be welcome to undertake a similar radio expedition in other intriguing corners of the world."

Creeper on the Conifer and Shadow Lake

James Ed. Ducey

Using the world's best transportation, a brisk March morning meant a diversity of wild birds at a most historic birding place along the Missouri River valley.

First heard were two Red-breasted Nuthatches in the neighborhood north of the memorial park. Once a couple of streets, including the Underwood avenue, were crossed, a chill morning with warming sun was the scene. Several species were about, including a Red-tailed Hawk that spends time along the Happy Hollow creek on the east side, and another creek's corridor on the west side.

An ambling route went among the bunches of conifers, where the creeper was along a fine route for birdly activity. After the Dodge street, beyond the troubling sounding stones for sailing vessels, was heard a most unusual call. Who, who, who cooks for you? Then again this was seemingly asked from a perfectly Barred Owl, first of the morning. It's voice was added with the White-breasted Nuthatch and effervescent Red-bellied Woodpecker at Elmwood Park.

Wood Creek had a simple flow, and easy to jump along the way. There was some slight ice and air bubble action. Sun streams were bright under an azurian sky.

The vibrant scene meant further walking about, over and into the hollow of Shadow Lake. A feathered mite was seen ... first in a glimpsed dash away from the nightly haven and onto a tree stump. Then the Winter Wren was further about about the downfall under the pedestrian bridge.

Further west as the water flows, near the spring grotto was a small bunch of Cedar Waxwing, with several robins were scratching among the leaves and enjoy a fresh water drink. A Mourning Dove appreciated a cleansing interlude from a rock in the creek.

Dark-eyed Junco were generally about along the route.

Other species of appreciation included the American Goldfinch and Downy Woodpecker. There was also a Chipping Sparrow, memorable in song at the park of the similar theme.

Complete Set of Audubon Bird Plates Available Online

By James Ed. Ducey

The University of Pittsburgh Darlington Library has digitized the complete set of 435 illustrations for the Birds of America drawn more than 150 years ago by John James Audubon.

Each image is listed in the order of the plate number as presented in the five volumes of Audubon's monumental work. Text for the illustrated species, as given in "Ornithological Biograpies," were scanned and are also available. Browse buttons allow easy scanning of the next and previous pages, with a search option also provided.

An interactive window provides a set of options than can be used to zoom in on a particular portion of an image or to pan to a certain section.

"The University of Pittsburgh is fortunate to own one of the rare, complete sets of John James Audubon’s Birds of America," according to the web page for the project. "It is considered to be the single most valuable set of volumes in the collections of the University Library System. Indeed, only 120 complete sets are known to exist."

Audubon was a pioneer in North American ornithology, with many illustrations done very soon after the taking of live specimens. Travels that provided opportunities to watch wild birds included time at New Orleans, to Labrador in 1833, and to the upper Missouri River in the summer of 1843.

The images and text were posted in early March. The family of lawyer William McCullough Darlington, in 1918, donated the volumes used to create the website content.

Breeding Survey Shows Slight Decline in High Plains Swan Population

James Ed. Ducey

The population of Trumpeter Swans in the High Plains flock of Nebraska and South Dakota had a successful breeding season in 2007 as shown by the annual early autumn survey results recently released by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The 398 adults and young noted was 7% less than the number of these majestic waterfowl counted in 2006, according to the report. An aerial survey was conducted during September 4-6, 2007 by the F.W.S. and Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.

The lesser number of swans was "attributed to a decrease in nonbreeding pairs and single white birds," according to the survey report. "The majority (68%) of the pairs observed had no cygnets, and the number of white birds in groups continues to increase. This may be because many of the white birds counted have not reached breeding age or are just maturing. In 2004 a record number of cygnets were counted, and these birds are now three years old and are likely reproductively mature but may not be breeding because of limited nesting habitat. Also, many of the highest quality wetlands are occupied by pairs that nest at these locations year after year. Due to the drought conditions, such high quality breeding habitat for newly formed pairs may have been limited."

The total number of swans counted is the second highest breeding population in the region, based on results of surveys dating back to 1993, with the highest count 427 birds in 2006.

Thirty-three broods were noted during the survey, with an average of 2.33 cygnets for each adult pair.

Survey biologists noted that the number of breeding pairs was consistent, with an increase of ten, in the number of young cygnets. The number of young raised during a years' season varies from season to season, based on count results since 1993.

The distinct mix of lakes and wetlands in the Sand Hills region is especially essential habitat for this flock.

"The sandhills provide high quality wetlands with dependable water and forage, in an area that is relatively free from human disturbance," said Shilo Comeau, a FWS biologist at Lacreek NWR, who helped count the birds and prepare the report. "The majority of the nesting pairs for this flock are located in the this region and the population really began to grow once they expanded into the sandhills. If the swans had not 'discovered' the sandhills I don't believe the population would be at the level it is today."

The vast majority of the nesting area of this flock is in Cherry County within 75 miles of the refuge," Comeau said. Clubhouse, Winslow, and South Cody lakes are notable breeding locales within the sandhills. Breeding swans can usually be readily seen from a very accessible vantage point at Avocet WMA, just east of Hyannis, Nebraska.

Trumpeter Swan populations are closely monitored throughout their range in western North America.

"It is important to monitor this species to see if we are achieving the population goal set for this flock, and to monitor the overall health of the flock and its habitat," said Comeau.

Waterfowl biologists hope for an increased number of Trumpeter Swans in the interior region of the birds' range. A growth of 4.5% annually has occurred in the High Plains population since 1990, according to report details.

"Five hundred total birds is what we believe the population should be around given habitat availability and to maintain a self sustaining flock within the Interior population, Comeau said.

A survey of wintering swans is also conducted by the two agencies, during January. Results should be available by latter summer.

Trumpeter Swan Society

Radio Expedition Occurs During Breeding Season at Ducie Island

James Ed. Ducey

The recently completed VP6DX radio expedition at Ducie Island occurred during the breeding season of the resident birds. Based on pictures given at the expedition website at least two species of fledgling birds were present.

Although there was no written information given in the expedition logs about the local residents, two pictures show fledgling birds ...

Images from the DX expedition webpage.

In order to communicate on the various radio wavelengths, a number of antenna were installed on Acadia island, the largest of the atolls at Ducie. An image at the website depicts the placement of the radio arrays.

The influence of the antenna and guy wires on the fledgling and adults birds is not known. Certainly the wire could have been a hazard for birds learning to fly, which can be difficult for a bird to learn safely despite any additional dangers.

The departure log for the expedition does indicate that trash was removed from the including, including some which apparently was present before the groups arrival. So expedition members did assist in improving the natural-scape of the atoll. A suggestion to conduct trash removal had been suggested to the expedition prior to its departure to the island.

When future expeditions visit Ducie Island, the timing should be considered to ensure that the activities of any visitors will not pose any threats what-so-ever to the large numbers of birds which use this important Pacific island nesting site. There is no indication of any problems to the birds during this radio expedition.

According to the administrator of Ducie Island, "Visitors to any of the outlying islands require a permit to land." This administrator, plus the regional administrator, and the Foreign & Commonwealth Office did not respond to email requests inquiring if a permit had been issued.

The permit process could be an important tool to evaluate pending visitors and ensure they are conducted in a manner that will 1) not disturb the local avifauna, 2) make certain rats do not get re-introduced, 3) make certain visitors follow particular protocols to avoid any impacts to the island habitat; and, 4) allow decisions to be made that are best for the island, not for any periodic visitors.

The atolls at Ducie Island are a bird haven, and the place should be actively managed first and foremast in a manner conducive to this use.

History Compiled for 706 Species of Wildbirds in North America Prior to 1859

After an lengthy review of several hundred - at least 500 - types of narrative records by so many scribes, as well as considering available anthropological derivatives, a composite, yet interim list of species can be derived for twelve millennium. Details of each known species is based on some particular notation in chronicles of many sorts.

There are not enough words to convey the phantasmagoria shown by the variety which has been written, once and again.

This list is snatched in a current state for this time, based on effective and focused research. The species are given in the nebulous order of a North American ornithological society, which continually revises names and taxonomic sequence - to the ongoing tribulation for a keeper of bird records - and with suggested common names as given by an international ornithological group. Subtle differences are shown in a list sterile with just basics, stripped of such an array of subtle and integral details shown in words from throughout the continent, by men keeping on their way. Each species listed is based on a record of occurrence.

American Ornithologists' Union Common Name - Common Name International Ornitological Congress
• Black-bellied Whistling-Duck - Black-bellied Whistling Duck • West Indian Whistling-Duck - West Indian Whistling Duck • Taiga Bean-Goose - Bean Goose • Greater White-fronted Goose - Greater White-fronted Goose • Emperor Goose - Emperor Goose • Snow Goose - Snow Goose • Ross's Goose - Ross's Goose • Brant - Brant Goose • Barnacle Goose - Barnacle Goose • Cackling Goose - Cackling Goose • Canada Goose - Canada Goose • Trumpeter Swan - Trumpeter Swan • Tundra Swan - Tundra Swan • Muscovy Duck - Muscovy Duck • Wood Duck - Wood Duck • Gadwall - Gadwall • American Wigeon - American Wigeon • American Black Duck - American Black Duck • Mallard - Mallard • Mottled Duck - Mottled Duck • Blue-winged Teal - Blue-winged Teal • Cinnamon Teal - Cinnamon Teal • Northern Shoveler - Northern Shoveler • White-cheeked Pintail - White-cheeked Pintail • Northern Pintail - Northern Pintail • Garganey - Garganey • Green-winged Teal - Green-winged Teal • Canvasback - Canvasback • Redhead - Redhead • Ring-necked Duck - Ring-necked Duck • Tufted Duck - Tufted Duck • Greater Scaup - Greater Scaup • Lesser Scaup - Lesser Scaup • Steller's Eider - Steller's Eider • Spectacled Eider - Spectacled Eider • King Eider - King Eider • Common Eider - Eaton's Pintail • Harlequin Duck - Yellow-billed Pintail • Labrador Duck - • Surf Scoter - Surf Scoter • White-winged Scoter - White-winged Scoter • Black Scoter - Black Scoter • Long-tailed Duck - Long-tailed Duck • Bufflehead - Bufflehead • Common Goldeneye - Common Goldeneye • Barrow’s Goldeneye - Barrow's Goldeneye • Smew - Smew • Hooded Merganser - Hooded Merganser • Common Merganser - Common Merganser • Red-breasted Merganser - Red-breasted Merganser • Ruddy Duck - Ruddy Duck • Plain Chachalaca - Plain Chachalaca • White-bellied Chachalaca - White-bellied Chachalaca • Crested Guan - Crested Guan • Great Curassow - Great Curassow • Gray Partridge - Grey Partridge • Ring-necked Pheasant - Common Pheasant • Common Peafowl - Indian Peafowl • Ruffed Grouse - Ruffed Grouse • Greater Sage-Grouse - Sage Grouse • Spruce Grouse - Spruce Grouse • Willow Ptarmigan - Willow Ptarmigan • Rock Ptarmigan - Rock Ptarmigan • White-tailed Ptarmigan - White-tailed Ptarmigan • Dusky Grouse - Dusky Grouse • Sharp-tailed Grouse - Sharp-tailed Grouse • Greater Prairie-Chicken - Greater Prairie Chicken • Lesser Prairie-Chicken - Lesser Prairie Chicken • Wild Turkey - Wild Turkey • Ocellated Turkey - Ocellated Turkey • Mountain Quail - Mountain Quail • Scaled Quail - Scaled Quail • Elegant Quail - Elegant Quail • California Quail - California Quail • Gambel's Quail - Gambel's Quail • Northern Bobwhite - Northern Bobwhite • Black-throated Bobwhite - Yucatan Bobwhite • Crested Bobwhite - Crested Bobwhite • Spotted Wood-Quail - Spotted Wood Quail • Singing Quail - Singing Quail • Montezuma Quail - Montezuma Quail • Ocellated Quail - Ocellated Quail • Red-throated Loon - Red-throated Loon • Arctic Loon - Black-throated Loon • Pacific Loon - Pacific Loon • Common Loon - Great Northern Loon • Yellow-billed Loon - Yellow-billed Loon • Least Grebe - Least Grebe • Pied-billed Grebe - Pied-billed Grebe • Great Crested Grebe - Great Crested Grebe • Horned Grebe - Horned Grebe • Red-necked Grebe - Red-necked Grebe • Eared Grebe - Black-necked Grebe • Western Grebe - Western Grebe • Yellow-nosed Albatross - Yellow-nosed Albatross • Light-mantled Albatross - Light-mantled Albatross • Laysan Albatross - Laysan Albatross • Black-footed Albatross - Black-footed Albatross • Short-tailed Albatross - Short-tailed Albatross • Northern Fulmar - Northern Fulmar • Bermuda Petrel - Cahow • Pink-footed Shearwater - Pink-footed Shearwater • Greater Shearwater - Great Shearwater • Buller’s Shearwater - Buller's Shearwater • Sooty Shearwater - Sooty Shearwater • Short-tailed Shearwater - Short-tailed Shearwater • Manx Shearwater - Manx Shearwater • Black-vented Shearwater - Black-vented Shearwater • Audubon’s Shearwater - Audubon's Shearwater • Wilson’s Storm-Petrel - Wilson's Storm Petrel • European Storm-Petrel - European Storm Petrel • Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel - Fork-tailed Storm Petrel • Leach's Storm-Petrel - Leach's Storm Petrel • Ashy Storm-Petrel - Ashy Storm Petrel • Black Storm-Petrel - Black Storm Petrel • White-tailed Tropicbird - White-tailed Tropicbird • Red-billed Tropicbird - Red-billed Tropicbird • Brown Booby - Brown Booby • Northern Gannet - Northern Gannet • American White Pelican - American White Pelican • Brown Pelican - Brown Pelican • Brandt's Cormorant - Brandt's Cormorant • Neotropic Cormorant - Neotropic Cormorant • Double-crested Cormorant - Double-crested Cormorant • Great Cormorant - Great Cormorant • Red-faced Cormorant - Red-faced Shag • Pelagic Cormorant - Pelagic Shag • Anhinga - Anhinga • Magnificent Frigatebird - Magnificent Frigatebird • American Bittern - American Bittern • Least Bittern - Least Bittern • Bare-throated Tiger-Heron - Bare-throated Tiger Heron • Great Blue Heron - Great Blue Heron • Great Egret - Great Egret • Snowy Egret - Snowy Egret • Little Blue Heron - Little Blue Heron • Tricolored Heron - Tricolored Heron • Reddish Egret - Reddish Egret • Green Heron - Green Heron • Black-crowned Night-Heron - Black-crowned Night Heron • Yellow-crowned Night-Heron - Yellow-crowned Night Heron • White Ibis - American White Ibis • Scarlet Ibis - Scarlet Ibis • Glossy Ibis - Glossy Ibis • White-faced Ibis - White-faced Ibis • Roseate Spoonbill - Roseate Spoonbill • Jabiru - Jabiru • Wood Stork - Wood Stork • Greater Flamingo - Greater Flamingo • Black Vulture - Black Vulture • Turkey Vulture - Turkey Vulture • California Condor - California Condor • King Vulture - King Vulture • Osprey - Osprey • Swallow-tailed Kite - Swallow-tailed Kite • White-tailed Kite - White-tailed Kite • Mississippi Kite - Mississippi Kite • Plumbeous Kite - Plumbeous Kite • Bald Eagle - Bald Eagle • White-tailed Eagle - White-tailed Eagle • Steller's Sea-Eagle - Steller's Sea Eagle • Northern Harrier - Northern Harrier • Sharp-shinned Hawk - Sharp-shinned Hawk • Cooper's Hawk - Cooper's Hawk • Bicolored Hawk - Bicolored Hawk • Northern Goshawk - Northern Goshawk • Common Black-Hawk - Common Black Hawk • Great Black-Hawk - Great Black Hawk • Harris's Hawk - Harris's Hawk • Roadside Hawk - Roadside Hawk • Red-shouldered Hawk - Red-shouldered Hawk • Broad-winged Hawk - Broad-winged Hawk • Gray Hawk - Grey-lined Hawk • Short-tailed Hawk - Short-tailed Hawk • Swainson's Hawk - Swainson's Hawk • White-tailed Hawk - White-tailed Hawk • Zone-tailed Hawk - Zone-tailed Hawk • Red-tailed Hawk - Red-tailed Hawk • Ferruginous Hawk - Ferruginous Hawk • Rough-legged Hawk - Roughleg • Harpy Eagle - Harpy Eagle • Golden Eagle - Golden Eagle • Ornate Hawk-Eagle - Ornate Hawk-Eagle • Collared Forest-Falcon - Collared Forest Falcon • Crested Caracara - Northern Crested Caracara • Laughing Falcon - Laughing Falcon • American Kestrel - American Kestrel • Merlin - Merlin • Aplomado Falcon - Aplomado Falcon • Gyrfalcon - Gyrfalcon • Peregrine Falcon - Peregrine Falcon • Prairie Falcon - Prairie Falcon • Yellow Rail - Yellow Rail • Gray-breasted Crake - Grey-breasted Crake • Black Rail - Black Rail • Clapper Rail - Clapper Rail • King Rail - King Rail • Virginia Rail - Virginia Rail • Sora - Sora • Purple Gallinule - Purple Gallinule • Common Moorhen - Common Moorhen • American Coot - American Coot • Caribbean Coot - Caribbean Coot • Limpkin - Limpkin • Sandhill Crane - Sandhill Crane • Whooping Crane - Whooping Crane • Northern Lapwing - Northern Lapwing • Black-bellied Plover - Grey Plover • European Golden-Plover - European Golden Plover • American Golden-Plover - American Golden Plover • Wilson’s Plover - Wilson's Plover • Common Ringed Plover - Common Ringed Plover • Semipalmated Plover - Semipalmated Plover • Piping Plover - Piping Plover • Killdeer - Killdeer • Mountain Plover - Mountain Plover • American Oystercatcher - American Oystercatcher • Black Oystercatcher - Black Oystercatcher • Black-necked Stilt - Black-necked Stilt • American Avocet - American Avocet • Northern Jacana - Northern Jacana • Spotted Sandpiper - Spotted Sandpiper • Solitary Sandpiper - Solitary Sandpiper • Gray-tailed Tattler - Grey-tailed Tattler • Wandering Tattler - Wandering Tattler • Spotted Redshank - Spotted Redshank • Greater Yellowlegs - Greater Yellowlegs • Common Greenshank - Common Greenshank • Willet - Willet • Lesser Yellowlegs - Lesser Yellowlegs • Upland Sandpiper - Upland Sandpiper • Eskimo Curlew - New Zealand Plover • Whimbrel - Whimbrel • Long-billed Curlew - Long-billed Curlew • Black-tailed Godwit - Black-tailed Godwit • Hudsonian Godwit - Hudsonian Godwit • Bar-tailed Godwit - Bar-tailed Godwit • Marbled Godwit - Marbled Godwit • Ruddy Turnstone - Ruddy Turnstone • Black Turnstone - Black Turnstone • Surfbird - Surfbird • Red Knot - Red Knot • Sanderling - Sanderling • Semipalmated Sandpiper - Semipalmated Sandpiper • Western Sandpiper - Western Sandpiper • Least Sandpiper - Least Sandpiper • White-rumped Sandpiper - White-rumped Sandpiper • Pectoral Sandpiper - Pectoral Sandpiper • Purple Sandpiper - Purple Sandpiper • Rock Sandpiper - Rock Sandpiper • Dunlin - Dunlin • Curlew Sandpiper - Curlew Sandpiper • Stilt Sandpiper - Stilt Sandpiper • Buff-breasted Sandpiper - Willet • Short-billed Dowitcher - Short-billed Dowitcher • Long-billed Dowitcher - Long-billed Dowitcher • Wilson's Snipe - Wilson's Snipe • American Woodcock - American Woodcock • Wilson's Phalarope - Wilson's Phalarope • Red-necked Phalarope - Red-necked Phalarope • Red Phalarope - Red Phalarope • Laughing Gull - Laughing Gull • Franklin's Gull - Franklin's Gull • Little Gull - Little Gull • Black-headed Gull - Terek Sandpiper • Bonaparte's Gull - Bonaparte's Gull • Heermann's Gull - Black-billed Gull • Mew Gull - Mew Gull • Ring-billed Gull - Ring-billed Gull • California Gull - California Gull • Herring Gull - Herring Gull • Iceland Gull - Iceland Gull • Lesser Black-backed Gull - Lesser Black-backed Gull • Western Gull - Western Gull • Glaucous-winged Gull - Glaucous-winged Gull • Glaucous Gull - Glaucous Gull • Great Black-backed Gull - Great Black-backed Gull • Sabine’s Gull - Sabine's Gull • Black-legged Kittiwake - Black-legged Kittiwake • Red-legged Kittiwake - Red-legged Kittiwake • Ross’s Gull - Ross's Gull • Ivory Gull - Ivory Gull • Brown Noddy - Brown Noddy • Sooty Tern - Sooty Swift • Least Tern - Least Tern • Gull-billed Tern - Gull-billed Tern • Caspian Tern - Caspian Tern • Black Tern - Black Tern • Roseate Tern - Roseate Tern • Common Tern - Common Tern • Arctic Tern - Arctic Tern • Forster's Tern - Forster's Tern • Snowy-crowned Tern - Snowy-crowned Tern • Royal Tern - Royal Tern • Sandwich Tern - Sandwich Tern • Black Skimmer - Black Skimmer • Pomarine Jaeger - Pomarine Skua • Parasitic Jaeger - Parasitic Jaeger • Long-tailed Jaeger - Long-tailed Jaeger • Dovekie - Little Auk • Common Murre - Common Murre • Thick-billed Murre - Thick-billed Murre • Razorbill - Razorbill • Great Auk - • Black Guillemot - Black Guillemot • Pigeon Guillemot - Pigeon Guillemot • Marbled Murrelet - Marbled Murrelet • Xantus's Murrelet - Xantus's Murrelet • Ancient Murrelet - Ancient Murrelet • Cassin's Auklet - Cassin's Auklet • Parakeet Auklet - Parakeet Auklet • Least Auklet - Least Auklet • Whiskered Auklet - Whiskered Auklet • Crested Auklet - Crested Auklet • Rhinoceros Auklet - Rhinoceros Auklet • Atlantic Puffin - Atlantic Puffin • Horned Puffin - Horned Puffin • Tufted Puffin - Tufted Puffin • Rock Pigeon - Common Pigeon • Scaled Pigeon - Scaled Pigeon • Scaly-naped Pigeon - Scaly-naped Pigeon • White-crowned Pigeon - White-crowned Pigeon • Plain Pigeon - Plain Pigeon • Band-tailed Pigeon - Band-tailed Pigeon • Ring-tailed Pigeon - Ring-tailed Pigeon • White-winged Dove - White-winged Dove • Zenaida Dove - Zenaida Dove • Mourning Dove - Mourning Dove • Socorro Dove - Socorro Dove • Passenger Pigeon - • Inca Dove - Inca Dove • Common Ground-Dove - Common Ground Dove • Blue Ground-Dove - Blue Ground Dove • White-tipped Dove - White-tipped Dove • Caribbean Dove - Caribbean Dove • Key West Quail-Dove - Key West Quail-Dove • Ruddy Quail-Dove - Ruddy Quail-Dove • Blue-headed Quail-Dove - Blue-headed Quail-Dove • Carolina Parakeet • Olive-throated Parakeet - Jamaican Parakeet • Orange-fronted Parakeet - Orange-fronted Parakeet • Military Macaw - Military Macaw • Scarlet Macaw - Scarlet Macaw • Thick-billed Parrot - Thick-billed Parrot • White-fronted Parrot - White-fronted Amazon • Yellow-lored Parrot - Yucatan Amazon • Cuban Parrot - Cuban Amazon • Red-crowned Parrot - Red-crowned Amazon • Red-lored Parrot - Red-lored Amazon • Mealy Parrot - Mealy Amazon • Yellow-headed Parrot - Yellow-headed Amazon • Yellow-crowned Parrot - Yellow-crowned Amazon • Squirrel Cuckoo - Squirrel Cuckoo • Yellow-billed Cuckoo - Yellow-billed Cuckoo • Mangrove Cuckoo - Mangrove Cuckoo • Black-billed Cuckoo - Black-billed Cuckoo • Great Lizard-Cuckoo - Great Lizard Cuckoo • Lesser Ground-Cuckoo - Lesser Ground Cuckoo	• Greater Roadrunner - Greater Roadrunner • Smooth-billed Ani - Smooth-billed Ani • Groove-billed Ani - Groove-billed Ani • Barn Owl - Barn Owl • Flammulated Owl - Flammulated Owl • Western Screech-Owl - Western Screech Owl • Eastern Screech-Owl - Eastern Screech Owl • Whiskered Screech-Owl - Whiskered Screech Owl • Vermiculated Screech-Owl - Vermiculated Screech Owl • Great Horned Owl - Great Horned Owl • Snowy Owl - Snowy Owl • Northern Hawk Owl - Northern Hawk-Owl • Northern Pygmy-Owl - Northern Pygmy Owl • Cuban Pygmy-Owl - Cuban Pygmy Owl • Elf Owl - Elf Owl • Burrowing Owl - Burrowing Owl • Little Owl - Little Owl • Mottled Owl - Mottled Owl • Spotted Owl - Spotted Owl • Barred Owl - Yellow-crowned Barbet • Great Gray Owl - Great Grey Owl • Long-eared Owl - Long-eared Owl • Stygian Owl - Stygian Owl • Short-eared Owl - Short-eared Owl • Boreal Owl - Boreal Owl • Northern Saw-whet Owl - Northern Saw-whet Owl • Lesser Nighthawk - Anthony's Nightjar • Common Nighthawk - Common Nighthawk • Common Poorwill - Common Poorwill • Chuck-will's-widow - Sunda Coucal • Buff-collared Nightjar - Buff-collared Nightjar • Whip-poor-will - Whip-poor-will • Chimney Swift - Chimney Swift • Vaux's Swift - Vaux's Swift • White-throated Swift - White-throated Swift • Black-throated Mango - Black-throated Mango • Jamaican Mango - Jamaican Mango • Cuban Emerald - Cuban Emerald • Broad-billed Hummingbird - Broad-billed Hummingbird • White-eared Hummingbird - White-eared Hummingbird • Cinnamon Hummingbird - Cinnamon Hummingbird • Blue-throated Hummingbird - Blue-throated Mountaingem • Ruby-throated Hummingbird - Ruby-throated Hummingbird • Anna's Hummingbird - Anna's Hummingbird • Costa's Hummingbird - Costa's Hummingbird • Bumblebee Hummingbird - Bumblebee Hummingbird • Broad-tailed Hummingbird - Broad-tailed Hummingbird • Rufous Hummingbird - Rufous Hummingbird • Allen's Hummingbird - Allen's Hummingbird • Cuban Trogon - Cuban Trogon • Hispaniolan Trogon - Hispaniolan Trogon • Mountain Trogon - Mountain Trogon • Resplendent Quetzal - Resplendent Quetzal • Blue-crowned Motmot - Blue-crowned Motmot • Turquoise-browed Motmot - Turquoise-browed Motmot • Ringed Kingfisher - Ringed Kingfisher • Belted Kingfisher - Belted Kingfisher • Emerald Toucanet - Emerald Toucanet • Lewis's Woodpecker - Lewis's Woodpecker • Red-headed Woodpecker - Red-headed Woodpecker • Acorn Woodpecker - Acorn Woodpecker • Jamaican Woodpecker - Jamaican Woodpecker • Golden-cheeked Woodpecker - Golden-cheeked Woodpecker • Gila Woodpecker - Gila Woodpecker • Golden-Fronted Woodpecker - Golden-fronted Woodpecker • Red-bellied Woodpecker - Red-bellied Woodpecker • West Indian Woodpecker - West Indian Woodpecker • Williamson's Sapsucker - Williamson's Sapsucker • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker - Yellow-bellied Sapsucker • Red-breasted Sapsucker - Red-breasted Sapsucker • Cuban Green Woodpecker - Cuban Green Woodpecker • Ladder-backed Woodpecker - Ladder-backed Woodpecker • Downy Woodpecker - Downy Woodpecker • Hairy Woodpecker - Hairy Woodpecker • Red-cockaded Woodpecker - Red-cockaded Woodpecker • White-headed Woodpecker - White-headed Woodpecker • American Three-toed Woodpecker - American Three-toed Woodpecker • Black-backed Woodpecker - Black-backed Woodpecker • Northern Flicker - Northern Flicker • Chestnut-colored Woodpecker - Chestnut-colored Woodpecker • Lineated Woodpecker - Lineated Woodcreeper • Pileated Woodpecker - Pileated Woodpecker • Ivory-billed Woodpecker - Ivory-billed Woodpecker • Imperial Woodpecker - Imperial Woodpecker • Olive-sided Flycatcher - Olive-sided Flycatcher • Western Wood-Pewee - Western Wood Pewee • Eastern Wood-Pewee - Eastern Wood Pewee • Yellow-bellied Flycatcher - Yellow-bellied Flycatcher • Acadian Flycatcher - Acadian Flycatcher • Willow Flycatcher - Willow Flycatcher • Least Flycatcher - Least Flycatcher • Black Phoebe - Black Phoebe • Eastern Phoebe - Eastern Phoebe • Say's Phoebe - Say's Phoebe • Vermilion Flycatcher - Vermilion Flycatcher • Dusky-capped Flycatcher - Dusky-capped Flycatcher • Great Crested Flycatcher - Great Crested Flycatcher • Stolid Flycatcher - Stolid Flycatcher • Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher - Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher • Tropical Kingbird - Tropical Kingbird • Cassin's Kingbird - Cassin's Kingbird • Western Kingbird - Western Kingbird • Eastern Kingbird - Eastern Kingbird • Gray Kingbird - Grey Kingbird • Loggerhead Kingbird - Loggerhead Kingbird • Scissor-tailed Flycatcher - Scissor-tailed Flycatcher • Fork-tailed Flycatcher - Grey-capped Tyrannulet • Rose-throated Becard - Rose-throated Becard • Lovely Cotinga - Lovely Cotinga • Loggerhead Shrike - Loggerhead Shrike • Northern Shrike - Great Grey Shrike • White-eyed Vireo - White-eyed Vireo • Bell's Vireo - Morningbird • Black-capped Vireo - Black-capped Vireo • Yellow-throated Vireo - Yellow-throated Vireo • Blue-headed Vireo - Blue-headed Vireo • Warbling Vireo - Warbling Vireo • Red-eyed Vireo - Red-eyed Vireo • Gray Jay - Grey Jay • Steller's Jay - Steller's Jay • Blue Jay - Blue Jay • Black-throated Magpie-Jay - Black-throated Magpie-Jay • Green Jay - Green Jay • Florida Scrub-Jay - Florida Scrub Jay • Western Scrub-Jay - Western Scrub Jay • Mexican Jay - Mexican Jay • Pinyon Jay - Pinyon Jay • Clark's Nutcracker - Clark's Nutcracker • Black-billed Magpie - Black-billed Magpie • Yellow-billed Magpie - Yellow-billed Magpie • American Crow - American Crow • Northwestern Crow - Northwestern Crow • Palm Crow - Hispaniolan Palm Crow • Cuban Crow - Cuban Crow • White-necked Crow - White-necked Crow • Fish Crow - Fish Crow • Chihuahuan Raven - Chihuahuan Raven • Common Raven - Northern Raven • Horned Lark - Horned Lark • Purple Martin - Purple Martin • Tree Swallow - Tree Swallow • Violet-green Swallow - Violet-green Swallow • Northern Rough-winged Swallow - Northern Rough-winged Swallow • Bank Swallow - Sand Martin • Cliff Swallow - American Cliff Swallow • Cave Swallow - Cave Swallow • Barn Swallow - Barn Swallow • Carolina Chickadee - Carolina Chickadee • Black-capped Chickadee - Black-capped Chickadee • Mountain Chickadee - Mountain Chickadee • Chestnut-backed Chickadee - Chestnut-backed Chickadee • Boreal Chickadee - Boreal Chickadee • Gray-headed Chickadee - Grey-headed Chickadee • Oak Titmouse - Oak Titmouse • Juniper Titmouse - Juniper Titmouse • Tufted Titmouse - Tufted Titmouse • Black-crested Titmouse - Black-crested Titmouse • Bushtit - American Bushtit • Red-breasted Nuthatch - Red-breasted Nuthatch • White-breasted Nuthatch - White-breasted Nuthatch • Pygmy Nuthatch - Pygmy Nuthatch • Brown-headed Nuthatch - Brown-headed Nuthatch • Brown Creeper - Brown Creeper • Band-backed Wren - Band-backed Wren • Cactus Wren - Cactus Wren • Rock Wren - Rock Wren • Canyon Wren - Canyon Wren • Carolina Wren - Carolina Wren • Bewick's Wren - Bewick's Wren • House Wren - House Wren • Winter Wren - Winter Wren • Sedge Wren - Sedge Wren • Marsh Wren - Marsh Wren • American Dipper - American Dipper • Golden-crowned Kinglet - Golden-crowned Kinglet • Ruby-crowned Kinglet - Ruby-crowned Kinglet • Arctic Warbler - Arctic Warbler • Blue-gray Gnatcatcher - Blue-grey Gnatcatcher • Northern Wheatear - Northern Wheatear • Eastern Bluebird - Eastern Bluebird • Western Bluebird - Western Bluebird • Mountain Bluebird - Mountain Bluebird • Townsend's Solitaire - Townsend's Solitaire • Veery - Veery • Gray-cheeked Thrush - Grey-cheeked Thrush • Swainson’s Thrush - Swainson's Thrush • Hermit Thrush - Hermit Thrush • Wood Thrush - Wood Thrush • White-eyed Thrush - White-eyed Thrush • American Robin - American Robin • Red-legged Thrush - Red-legged Thrush • Varied Thrush - Varied Thrush • Wrentit - Wrentit • Gray Catbird - Grey Catbird • Northern Mockingbird - Northern Mockingbird • Bahama Mockingbird - Bahama Mockingbird • Sage Thrasher - Sage Thrasher • Brown Thrasher - Brown Thrasher • Bendire's Thrasher - Bendire's Thrasher • Curve-billed Thrasher - Curve-billed Thrasher • California Thrasher - California Thrasher • Pearly-eyed Thrasher - Pearly-eyed Thrasher • European Starling - Common Starling • American Pipit - Buff-bellied Pipit • Sprague's Pipit - Sprague's Pipit • Bohemian Waxwing - Bohemian Waxwing • Cedar Waxwing - Cedar Waxwing • Phainopepla - Phainopepla • Bachman’s Warbler - Bachman's Warbler • Blue-winged Warbler - Blue-winged Warbler • Golden-winged Warbler - Golden-winged Warbler • Tennessee Warbler - Tennessee Warbler • Orange-crowned Warbler - Orange-crowned Warbler • Nashville Warbler - Nashville Warbler • Northern Parula - Northern Parula • Yellow Warbler - American Yellow Warbler • Chestnut-sided Warbler - Chestnut-sided Warbler • Magnolia Warbler - Magnolia Warbler • Cape May Warbler - Cape May Warbler • Black-throated Blue Warbler - Black-throated Blue Warbler • Yellow-rumped Warbler - Yellow-rumped Warbler • Black-throated Gray Warbler - Black-throated Grey Warbler • Black-throated Green Warbler - Black-throated Green Warbler • Townsend's Warbler - Townsend's Warbler • Hermit Warbler - Hermit Warbler • Blackburnian Warbler - Blackburnian Warbler • Yellow-throated Warbler - Yellow-throated Warbler • Pine Warbler - Pine Warbler • Prairie Warbler - Prairie Warbler • Palm Warbler - Palm Warbler • Bay-breasted Warbler - Bay-breasted Warbler • Blackpoll Warbler - Blackpoll Warbler • Cerulean Warbler - Cerulean Warbler • Black-and-white Warbler - Black-and-white Warbler • American Redstart - American Redstart • Prothonotary Warbler - Prothonotary Warbler • Worm-eating Warbler - Worm-eating Warbler • Swainson’s Warbler - Swainson's Warbler • Ovenbird - Ovenbird • Northern Waterthrush - Northern Waterthrush • Louisiana Waterthrush - Louisiana Waterthrush • Kentucky Warbler - Kentucky Warbler • Connecticut Warbler - Connecticut Warbler • Mourning Warbler - Mourning Warbler • MacGillivray’s Warbler - MacGillivray's Warbler • Common Yellowthroat - Common Yellowthroat • Hooded Warbler - Hooded Warbler • Wilson's Warbler - Wilson's Warbler • Canada Warbler - Canada Warbler • Red Warbler - Red Warbler • Yellow-breasted Chat - Yellow-breasted Chat • Bananaquit - Bananaquit • Hepatic Tanager - Hepatic Tanager • Summer Tanager - Summer Tanager • Scarlet Tanager - Scarlet Tanager • Western Tanager - Western Tanager • Western Spindalis - Western Spindalis • Palm Tanager - Palm Tanager • Red-legged Honeycreeper - Red-legged Honeycreeper • Cuban Bullfinch - Cuban Bullfinch • Black-faced Grassquit - Black-faced Grassquit • Greater Antillean Bullfinch - Greater Antillean Bullfinch • Green-tailed Towhee - Green-tailed Towhee • Spotted Towhee - Spotted Towhee • Eastern Towhee - Eastern Towhee • Canyon Towhee - Canyon Towhee • Cassin's Sparrow - Cassin's Sparrow • Bachman’s Sparrow - Bachman's Sparrow • American Tree Sparrow - American Tree Sparrow • Chipping Sparrow - Chipping Sparrow • Clay-colored Sparrow - Clay-colored Sparrow • Field Sparrow - Field Sparrow • Black-chinned Sparrow - Black-chinned Sparrow • Vesper Sparrow - Vesper Sparrow • Lark Sparrow - Lark Sparrow • Black-throated Sparrow - Black-throated Sparrow • Sage Sparrow - Sage Sparrow • Lark Bunting - Lark Bunting • Savannah Sparrow - Savannah Sparrow • Grasshopper Sparrow - Grasshopper Sparrow • Henslow’s Sparrow - Henslow's Sparrow • Le Conte's Sparrow - Le Conte's Sparrow • Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow - Saltmarsh Sparrow • Seaside Sparrow - Seaside Sparrow • Fox Sparrow - Fox Sparrow • Song Sparrow - Song Sparrow • Lincoln's Sparrow - Lincoln's Sparrow • Swamp Sparrow - Swamp Sparrow • Rufous-collared Sparrow - American Yellow Warbler • White-throated Sparrow - White-throated Sparrow • Harris's Sparrow - Harris's Sparrow • White-crowned Sparrow - White-crowned Sparrow • Golden-crowned Sparrow - Golden-crowned Sparrow • Dark-eyed Junco - Dark-eyed Junco • Yellow-eyed Junco - Yellow-eyed Junco • McCown's Longspur - McCown's Longspur • Lapland Longspur - Lapland Longspur • Smith’s Longspur - Smith's Longspur • Chestnut-collared Longspur - Chestnut-collared Longspur • Snow Bunting - Snow Bunting • Northern Cardinal - Northern Cardinal • Pyrrhuloxia - Pyrrhuloxia • Rose-breasted Grosbeak - Rose-breasted Grosbeak • Black-headed Grosbeak - Black-headed Grosbeak • Blue Bunting - Blue Bunting • Blue Grosbeak - Blue Grosbeak • Lazuli Bunting - Lazuli Bunting • Indigo Bunting - Indigo Bunting • Painted Bunting - Painted Bunting • Dickcissel - Dickcissel • Bobolink - Bobolink • Red-winged Blackbird - Red-winged Blackbird • Tricolored Blackbird - Tricolored Blackbird • Eastern Meadowlark - Eastern Meadowlark • Western Meadowlark - Western Meadowlark • Yellow-headed Blackbird - Yellow-headed Blackbird • Cuban Blackbird - Cuban Blackbird • Rusty Blackbird - Rusty Blackbird • Brewer's Blackbird - Brewer's Blackbird • Common Grackle - Common Grackle • Boat-tailed Grackle - Boat-tailed Grackle • Great-tailed Grackle - Great-tailed Grackle • Slender-billed Grackle - Slender-billed Grackle • Greater Antillean Grackle - Greater Antillean Grackle • Brown-headed Cowbird - Brown-headed Cowbird • Giant Cowbird - Giant Cowbird • Black-cowled Oriole - Black-cowled Oriole • Orchard Oriole - Orchard Oriole • Hooded Oriole - Hooded Oriole • Troupial - Venezuelan Troupial • Bullock's Oriole - Bullock's Oriole • Baltimore Oriole - Baltimore Oriole • Yellow-winged Cacique - Mexican Cacique • Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch - Grey-crowned Rosy Finch • Pine Grosbeak - Pine Grosbeak • Purple Finch - Purple Finch • House Finch - House Finch • Red Crossbill - Red Crossbill • White-winged Crossbill - Two-barred Crossbill • Common Redpoll - Common Redpoll • Hoary Redpoll - Arctic Redpoll • Pine Siskin - Pine Siskin • Black-headed Siskin - Black-headed Siskin • Black-chinned Siskin - Black-chinned Siskin • Lesser Goldfinch - Lesser Goldfinch • American Goldfinch - American Goldfinch • Evening Grosbeak - Evening Grosbeak • House Sparrow - House Sparrow Not included in this list are additional items of record, including specifics ... tribal language well known in limited instances, importances for bird effigy recognitions, bird-motif garments of an especial interest, generic records mentioning ducks and wild geese, diminutive snipe and a bunch of vague sightings written in a limited manner.

This compilation includes one species not given in the North American avifauna, but included with the broader, continental view of the continental birdlist. The internationally-based does, however, ignore several prominent and unforgettable species so essential during the first history of the United States. Gaudy and special Carolina Parakeets and Passenger Pigeons in seemingly endless flights cannot be ignored. History for the iconic Great Auk is also part of the bird records, denoted by the American list, but removed from the international version of taxonomy consideration. An occurrence cannot be deleted from the history for a nation's ornithology, despite an editorial decision.

Not included in the shown list are additional items of record, which includes additional topics ... tribal language which was well known in limited instances, bird effigy and bird-motif garments which are an especial interest, and generic records mentioning ducks and geese, the wild goose, diminutive snipe and other vague sightings.

This list is subject to change based on further review and editing of information taken from a wide variety of the publications perused to develop a thorough list of bird species for the continent of North America.

There are innumerable stories based on the details. Certain groups of details - consider the chilling words of so many Arctic voyages - and elsewhere reminiscences for endless forays of the winged ones which were captured of the moment ... a bit retained in written history, available at the library.