The prominent Sand Hills spread across two states. They extend from the central Platte River of Nebraska northward to the Niobrara River and onward into the southern fringe of South Dakota. The entire region covers approximately 19,000 square miles ... comprising the largest grass-stabilized dune area in the western hemisphere.
This country has a great variety of floral communities with a wonderful diversity of native wild birds. Prairie hens of two sorts thrive among the grasses. Wetland marshes and lakes are a summer home for the many, including the American Avocet and White-faced Ibis, with other species lurking in the habitat.
Along the Niobrara River, there are havens and habitat junctures that create a completely distinct biogeographic corridor where eastern and western species mingle, as they do at no other place in North America.
Vast, seemingly roadless tracts abound where wildbirds thrive undisturbed except perhaps for roaming bison or cattle, or the truck of a rancher. The remote character of the sandhills means many locales cannot be readily visited for casual bird studies. Federal wildlife refuges are an easy destination for many. Most bird watchers on a drive do not recognize the common place names for which they report a species observations; county names seem to suffice. Scores of lakes hidden among the domain have never had the resident birds surveyed.
Some limited details on the regions bird life are available, based on results from an individuals's 25 years of study.
Bird information for the region was compiled within a database that has 138,076 distinct records of bird occurrence, as of October 2007. More than 150 references - from many people visiting the region for their own reasons - are cited as sources for bird records that provide essential information since 1900. Older records are considered separately for the historic period.
The top three records sources are J.E. Ducey (51,139 records from more than 4,100 bird surveys initiated in 1982), Crescent Lake NWR bird counts or other sources (38,847) and Valentine NWR breeding pair counts or waterfowl census results (23,385). An additional 2166 entries from site checklists (i.e., federal refuges) are also included but stored in a separate table since they are not actual observation records.
This is a list of the species recorded, also providing the number of observation records and an opinion - subject to change - about their apparent status:
Greater White-fronted Goose (77 database records): occasional spring and autumn transient; accidental winter visitant
Snow Goose (187 records): locally abundant spring transient; uncommon autumn transient
Ross's Goose (29): locally fairly common spring transient; occasional autumn transient
Brant (3): accidental vagrant
Cackling Goose (16): regular spring and autumn migrant
Canada Goose (4174): very common, occasionally abundant permanent resident
Mute Swan (1): accidental summer visitant
Trumpeter Swan (952): locally uncommon summer resident; occasional winter resident
Tundra Swan (35): casual spring and autumn transient; some records probably were Trumpeter Swans, misidentified by inexperienced observers
Wood Duck (1149): uncommon summer resident
Gadwall (4960): very common summer resident
Eurasian Wigeon (1): accidental spring transient, summer visitant
American Wigeon (2092): abundant spring and autumn transient
American Black Duck (14): occasional spring and autumn transient and rare summer visitant; very rare and almost unknown in western sandhills
Mallard (7915): common to locally abundant, permanent resident
Mallard x Gadwall (3): accidental spring visitant
Mallard x Northern Pintail (1): accidental spring visitant
Mexican Duck? (1): accidental fall visitant
Blue-winged Teal (5199): common summer resident
Blue-winged x Cinnamon Teal (2): rare in autumn
Cinnamon Teal (214): rare summer resident, mostly in the western sandhills
Northern Shoveler (4531): common summer resident
Northern Pintail (3706): common summer resident
Green-winged Teal (2615): common spring and autumn transient and rare summer resident
Canvasback (2307): locally fairly common to abundant summer resident
Redhead (3935): common to abundant summer resident and spring and autumn transient; occasional in winter
Ring-necked Duck (1318): common spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Greater Scaup (9): very rare spring and autumn transient
Lesser Scaup (2924): rare summer resident; abundant spring and autumn transient; occasional in winter
Harlequin Duck (1): accidental, included on the Valentine NWR bird list but no date record
Surf Scoter (20): accidental spring transient; occasional fall transient
White-winged Scoter (19): rare autumn transient
Black Scoter (7): casual autumn transient
Long-tailed Duck (32): very rare spring and autumn transient
Bufflehead (2263): common to abundant spring and autumn transient; occasional winter visitant
Common Goldeneye (495): common to abundant spring and autumn transient and winter visitant
Barrow's Goldeneye (11): accidental spring and autumn transient
Hooded Merganser (158): uncommon spring and autumn transient; rare in winter; accidental summer resident
Common Merganser (602): uncommon to very common spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Red-breasted Merganser (48): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Ruddy Duck (3688): common summer resident; occasional in winter
Chukar (13): uncommon, extirpated permanent resident; the first record of introduction was in southwest Grant County in 1939
Gray Partridge (17): accidental permanent resident
Ring-necked Pheasant (668): abundant introduced permanent resident on the east; uncommon in the west
Greater Sage-Grouse (1): accidental winter visitant historically, now extirpated from the state of Nebraska
Sharp-tailed Grouse (430): abundant to common permanent resident
Greater Prairie-Chicken x Sharp-tailed Grouse (2): accidental permanent resident
Greater Prairie-Chicken (324): common permanent resident in the east; currently extirpated in the western sandhills
Wild Turkey (264): common to locally abundant permanent resident; reintroduced
Scaled Quail (1): accidental introduced spring visitant
Northern Bobwhite (99): uncommon to locally common permanent resident in the east, rare in the west
Red-throated Loon (1): accidental spring transient
Common Loon (33): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Pied-billed Grebe (2244): common summer resident
Horned Grebe (166): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Red-necked Grebe (4): accidental spring transient
Eared Grebe (2007): locally very common to abundant summer resident
Western Grebe (1327): locally very common to abundant summer resident
Clark's Grebe (22): rare summer visitant
American White Pelican (1557): locally very common summer visitant
Neotropic Cormorant (2): accidental summer visitant
Double-crested Cormorant (2243): locally common to very common summer resident
American Bittern (962): uncommon summer resident
Least Bittern (38): occasional summer resident
Great Blue Heron (2068): common summer resident
Great Egret (54): occasional spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Snowy Egret (71): occasional spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Little Blue Heron (14): casual spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Reddish Egret (2): rare at Lake McConaughy
Cattle Egret (85): locally uncommon summer resident, irregular
Green Heron (48): uncommon spring visitant; occasional autumn transient
Black-crowned Night-Heron (1199): locally common summer resident
Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (4): occasional spring transient
Glossy Ibis (1): accidental spring vagrant at Lake McConaughy
White-faced Ibis (265): locally uncommon to common summer resident
Turkey Vulture (261): uncommon summer visitant
Osprey (80): rare spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
White-tailed Kite (1): accidental summer visitant
Mississippi Kite (4): accidental autumn visitant
Bald Eagle (353): uncommon spring and autumn transient; and winter visitant
Northern Harrier (709): rare to fairly uncommon permanent resident
Sharp-shinned Hawk (151): uncommon spring and autumn transient; very rare winter visitant
Cooper's Hawk (102): uncommon spring and autumn transient; occasional winter visitant
Northern Goshawk (29): very rare spring and autumn transient; accidental in winter
Red-shouldered Hawk (3): casual autumn transient
Broad-winged Hawk (38): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Swainson's Hawk (373): fairly common summer resident
Red-tailed Hawk (525): fairly common permanent resident throughout the region
Ferruginous Hawk (202): locally rare summer resident; occasional in winter
Rough-legged Hawk (215): fairly common winter visitant
Golden Eagle (263): locally uncommon to rare permanent resident
American Kestrel (532): uncommon permanent resident in the east, rare in the west
Merlin (52): uncommon spring and autumn transient and winter visitant
Gyrfalcon (10): very rare winter visitant
Peregrine Falcon (73): rare to uncommon spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Prairie Falcon (167): uncommon; rare summer and winter visitant
Yellow Rail (1): accidental spring transient
Black Rail (4): very rare summer visitant
King Rail (8): very rare summer resident
Virginia Rail (279): uncommon to locally common summer resident; rare in winter at spring-fed wetlands in the Niobrara River valley
Sora (202): uncommon to locally common summer resident
Common Moorhen (7): accidental summer visitant
American Coot (4862): very abundant to very common summer resident
Sandhill Crane (245): locally common spring and autumn transient; casual in summer
Whooping Crane (57): rare spring and fall visitant
Black-bellied Plover (70): uncommon spring and autumn transient
American Golden-Plover (16): rare spring and autumn transient
Snowy Plover (14): accidental spring transient
Semipalmated Plover (116): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient
Piping Plover (42): very rare spring and autumn transient
Killdeer (3173): fairly common to locally abundant summer resident; accidental in winter
Mountain Plover (3): accidental spring visitant
Black-necked Stilt (82): locally rare to uncommon summer resident mostly since the late 1980s
American Avocet (1137): locally fairly common summer resident in the west, uncommon in the east
Greater Yellowlegs (486): fairly common to very common spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Lesser Yellowlegs (709): fairly common to common spring and autumn transient, locally abundant; occasional in summer
Solitary Sandpiper (91): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Willet (1150): uncommon to fairly common summer resident
Spotted Sandpiper (316): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient; uncommon summer resident
Upland Sandpiper (1740): uncommon to locally common summer resident
Eskimo Curlew (2): very rare autumn transient before the species became extinct
Whimbrel (11): very rare spring visitant
Long-billed Curlew (1088): uncommon to common summer resident in the west
Hudsonian Godwit (12): casual spring transient
Marbled Godwit (118): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient; accidental summer resident
Ruddy Turnstone (10): casual spring and autumn transient
Red Knot (5): accidental spring transient
Sanderling (54): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient
Semipalmated Sandpiper (221): uncommon to locally very common spring and autumn transient
Western Sandpiper (87): rare to fairly common spring and autumn transient
Least Sandpiper (256): uncommon, occasionally very common spring and autumn transient
White-rumped Sandpiper (51): uncommon to very common spring and occasional summer transient
Baird's Sandpiper (379): common to abundant spring and autumn transient
Pectoral Sandpiper (128): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Dunlin (15): rare spring transient
Stilt Sandpiper (271): common to locally fairly abundant spring and autumn transient
Buff-breasted Sandpiper (9): rare spring and autumn transient
Short-billed Dowitcher (67): uncommon to locally common spring and autumn transient
Long-billed Dowitcher (388): uncommon to very common spring and autumn transient
Wilson's Snipe (512): fairly common summer resident in the east, uncommon in the west; rare in winter
American Woodcock (2): rare summer bird along the central Niobrara River
Wilson's Phalarope (1596): common to occasionally very abundant spring and autumn transient; locally common summer resident
Red-necked Phalarope (130): common to locally abundant spring and autumn transient, mostly in the west
Red Phalarope (6): casual spring and autumn transient
Parasitic Jaeger (1): accidental late summer vagrant
Laughing Gull (1): accidental summer vagrant
Franklin's Gull (272): fairly common; occasionally abundant spring and autumn transient; uncommon summer visitant
Black-headed Gull (1): accidental late-summer vagrant
Bonaparte's Gull (50): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient
Ring-billed Gull (864): uncommon to abundant spring and autumn transient and summer visitant; casual in winter
California Gull (39): uncommon visitant
Herring Gull (101): uncommon to very common spring and autumn transient; casual in winter
Thayer's Gull (4): rare winter visitant at Lake McConaughy
Iceland Gull (3): irregular winter visitant at Lake McConaughy
Lesser Black-backed Gull (4): rare at Lake McConaughy
Glaucous Gull (16): casual spring transient
Great Black-backed Gull (4): rare at Lake McConaughy
Sabine's Gull (8): casual fall transient
Black-legged Kittiwake (2): accidental summer transient
Caspian Tern (13): accidental spring transient
Common Tern (90): uncommon summer visitant
Forster's Tern (1000): uncommon spring and autumn transient and summer resident on the west
Least Tern (27): rare spring and autumn transient
Black Tern (1485): locally common summer resident, and occasionally abundant autumn migrant
Rock Pigeon (67): locally common, introduced permanent resident
Eurasian Collared-Dove (55): uncommon local resident, primarily in villages or cities
White-winged Dove (1): accidental
Mourning Dove (1789): abundant summer resident; irregular in winter
Black-billed Cuckoo (52): uncommon summer resident
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (114): uncommon summer resident, predominantly in the east
Barn Owl (39): rare and local summer resident; occasional in winter
Flammulated Owl (1): accidental late spring vagrant
Eastern Screech-Owl (74): uncommon permanent resident
Great Horned Owl (392): uncommon to common permanent resident
Snowy Owl (13): rare winter visitant
Burrowing Owl (127): uncommon summer resident
Barred Owl (3): casual summer visitant
Long-eared Owl (39): rare permanent resident
Short-eared Owl (76): rare spring and autumn transient; very rare during summer and winter
Northern Saw-whet Owl (12): occasional spring and autumn transient, locally rare permanent resident
Common Nighthawk (586): fairly common summer resident
Common Poorwill (33): rare summer resident
Chuck-will's-widow (2): accidental summer visitant
Whip-poor-will (9): accidental summer visitant
Chimney Swift (156): locally uncommon to common summer resident
Ruby-throated Hummingbird (10): spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Calliope Hummingbird (1): accidental spring transient
Rufous Hummingbird (2): accidental autumn transient
Belted Kingfisher (275): uncommon permanent resident
Lewis's Woodpecker (3): casual winter visitant
Red-headed Woodpecker (296): uncommon summer resident
Acorn Woodpecker (1): accidental spring transient
Red-bellied Woodpecker (37): casual permanent resident
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (19): rare spring and autumn transient
Downy Woodpecker (377); uncommon permanent resident
Hairy Woodpecker (169): locally uncommon permanent resident throughout
Northern Flicker (978): uncommon to common permanent resident
Olive-sided Flycatcher (22): rare spring and autumn transient
Western Wood-Pewee (74): uncommon spring and autumn transient and summer resident in the west; rare in the east
Eastern Wood-Pewee (45): uncommon spring and autumn transient in the east; casual in the west
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (2): accidental autumn transient
Alder Flycatcher (19): casual summer resident
Alder/Willow Flycatcher (4): accidental summer resident
Willow Flycatcher (94): locally uncommon to rare summer resident
Least Flycatcher (69): uncommon spring and autumn transient; occasional summer resident
Hammond's Flycatcher (1): accidental vagrant
Cordilleran Flycatcher (5): rare autumn transient
Eastern Phoebe (98): uncommon summer resident
Say's Phoebe (72): uncommon spring and fall transient; casual summer resident
Great Crested Flycatcher (117): rare summer visitant
Cassin's Kingbird (8): very rare spring and autumn transient
Western Kingbird (606): common summer resident
Eastern Kingbird (1043): common summer resident
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (10): spring and autumn transient; casual in summer
Loggerhead Shrike (353): uncommon to common summer resident; accidental in winter
Northern Shrike (81): uncommon winter visitant
Bell's Vireo (113): uncommon summer resident; declining in the west
Yellow-throated Vireo (7): accidental spring transient
Plumbeous Vireo (1): rare in the North Platte valley
Cassin's Vireo (2): irregular early autumn vagrant
Blue-headed Vireo (16): casual spring and autumn transient
Warbling Vireo (155): uncommon summer resident
Philadelphia Vireo (4): accidental spring and autumn transient
Red-eyed Vireo (134): rare spring and autumn transient; locally uncommon to occasional summer resident
Gray Jay (5): casual spring transient and winter visitant
Steller's Jay (6): accidental spring transient
Blue Jay (416): common permanent resident in the east, uncommon to rare in the west
Pinyon Jay (23): spring and autumn transient and winter visitant
Clark's Nutcracker (6): casual winter visitant
Black-billed Magpie (160): uncommon permanent resident
American Crow (922): uncommon to common permanent resident in the east; decreasing to uncommon in the west
Common Raven (7): accidental summer visitant
Horned Lark (882): uncommon to abundant permanent resident
Purple Martin (33): rare spring transient, casual in summer
Tree Swallow (654): fairly common to very common summer resident
Violet-green Swallow (5): casual autumn transient
Northern Rough-winged Swallow (171): uncommon summer resident
Bank Swallow (97): locally uncommon to abundant summer resident
Cliff Swallow (178): very common summer resident
Cave Swallow (2): rare in the Lake Ogallala area
Barn Swallow (995): very common summer resident
Black-capped Chickadee (429): common permanent resident
Tufted Titmouse (2): accidental transient
Red-breasted Nuthatch (216): uncommon spring and autumn transient, locally rare to uncommon permanent resident
White-breasted Nuthatch (246): locally very rare to uncommon permanent resident
Pygmy Nuthatch (1): accidental autumn transient
Brown Creeper (57): rare spring and autumn transient and winter visitant
Rock Wren (31): rare spring and autumn transient
Carolina Wren (6): casual spring transient and summer visitant
Bewick's Wren (4): rare spring transient
House Wren (443): common summer resident
Winter Wren (29): casual autumn transient; rare in winter along the Niobrara River
Sedge Wren (18): locally uncommon summer resident in the east; unknown in the western sandhills
Marsh Wren (741): fairly common to locally common summer resident; rare in winter, occurring locally at spring-fed wetlands along the Niobrara Valley
American Dipper (2): rare visitor
Golden-crowned Kinglet (64): uncommon spring and autumn visitant and winter visitant
Ruby-crowned Kinglet (68): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (5): accidental autumn transient
Eastern Bluebird (293): locally fairly common summer resident
Mountain Bluebird (63): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient; more common in the west
Townsend's Solitaire (157): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient and winter visitant; more common in the west
Veery (21): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Gray-cheeked Thrush (24): casual spring transient
Swainson's Thrush (120): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient; casual in summer
Hermit Thrush (36): rare to uncommon spring and autumn transient
Wood Thrush (33): uncommon to casual spring and autumn transient
American Robin (1026): common to locally abundant permanent resident
Varied Thrush (5): accidental spring transient
Gray Catbird (172): uncommon to occasional summer resident in the east, almost unknown in summer in the western sandhills
Northern Mockingbird (42): uncommon spring and autumn transient; casual in summer
Sage Thrasher (8): casual spring and autumn transient
Brown Thrasher (442): (uncommon summer resident
Curve-billed Thrasher (7): rare vagrant
European Starling (591): fairly common to abundant permanent resident
American Pipit (81): uncommon to locally abundant spring and autumn transient
Sprague's Pipit (10): casual spring and rare autumn transient
Bohemian Waxwing (24): irregular uncommon winter visitant
Cedar Waxwing (200): fairly common permanent resident in the east, uncommon to rare in the west
Blue-winged Warbler (6): rare spring and autumn transient, mostly in the east
Golden-winged Warbler (2): accidental fall transient
Tennessee Warbler (31): rare spring and autumn transient
Orange-crowned Warbler (102): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient
Nashville Warbler (17): rare autumn transient
Northern Parula (12): casual to rare spring and autumn transient
Yellow Warbler (461): uncommon to fairly common summer resident
Chestnut-sided Warbler (8): casual spring transient
Magnolia Warbler (18): rare late spring and autumn transient
Cape May Warbler (2): accidental spring and autumn transient
Black-throated Blue Warbler (6): casual autumn transient
Yellow-rumped Warbler (202): uncommon to abundant spring and autumn transient; casual in summer
Black-throated Green Warbler (11): casual autumn transient
Townsend's Warbler (11): accidental spring transient and casual autumn transient
Blackburnian Warbler (8): casual spring transient
Yellow-throated Warbler (1): accidental spring vagrant
Prairie Warbler (5): one record along Platte river
Palm Warbler (9): casual spring and rare autumn transient
Bay-breasted Warbler (8): accidental autumn transient
Blackpoll Warbler (46): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Cerulean Warbler (1): accidental spring vagrant
Black-and-white Warbler (75): uncommon spring and autumn transient; locally rare summer resident
American Redstart (130): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient
Worm-eating Warbler (4): casual spring transient
Ovenbird (118): uncommon spring through autumn transient
Northern Waterthrush (27): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Louisiana Waterthrush (1): accidental spring transient
Kentucky Warbler (4): rare spring transient
Connecticut Warbler (4): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Mourning Warbler (7): casual spring and autumn transient
MacGillivray's Warbler (18): rare spring and autumn transient, mostly in the west
Common Yellowthroat (739): common summer resident and migrant
Hooded Warbler (8): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Wilson's Warbler (78): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient; more common westward; irregular in winter where open water may occur
Canada Warbler (3): casual spring and autumn transient
Yellow-breasted Chat (117): rare to uncommon summer resident
Summer Tanager (5): casual spring transient
Scarlet Tanager (33): rare spring and casual autumn transient
Western Tanager (24): rare spring and autumn transient, casual in summer; more common in the west
Green-tailed Towhee (2): accidental spring transient
Spotted Towhee (144): uncommon spring and autumn transient, local breeder in the Niobrara valley
Rufous-sided Towhee (9): uncommon spring and autumn transient; locally uncommon summer resident
Eastern Towhee (155): uncommon spring and autumn transient; locally uncommon summer resident
Cassin's Sparrow (7): accidental summer visitant; accidental breeding resident in Keith County in 1993
American Tree Sparrow (291): fairly common to abundant winter visitant
Chipping Sparrow (330): locally fairly common summer resident
Clay-colored Sparrow (107): uncommon to abundant spring and autumn transient
Brewer's Sparrow (5): rare spring and autumn transient
Field Sparrow (249): uncommon and local summer resident
Vesper Sparrow (121): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient; uncommon summer resident
Lark Sparrow (773): uncommon summer resident
Black-throated Sparrow (1): one record along Whitetail creek
Lark Bunting (190): common to locally abundant summer resident in the west
Savannah Sparrow (156): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient; locally rare summer resident
Grasshopper Sparrow (819): common summer resident
Baird's Sparrow (3): rare spring and autumn transient
Henslow's Sparrow (4): casual spring transient
Le Conte's Sparrow (6): very rare spring and autumn transient
Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow (1): accidental summer transient
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow (1): accidental spring and autumn transient
Fox Sparrow (8): casual autumn transient
Song Sparrow (165): uncommon to common spring and autumn transient; rare breeding season resident in the east
Lincoln's Sparrow (92): uncommon to fairly common spring and autumn transient
Swamp Sparrow (169): uncommon to locally fairly common summer resident
White-throated Sparrow (81): rare to uncommon spring and autumn transient, less common westward
Harris's Sparrow (121): uncommon to fairly common winter visitant; more regular eastward
White-crowned Sparrow (185): uncommon to abundant spring and autumn transient
Golden-crowned Sparrow (4): casual fall to spring transient
Dark-eyed Junco (292): fairly common winter visitant
McCown's Longspur (9): casual spring and autumn transient
Lapland Longspur (46): uncommon to abundant spring and autumn transient; casual in winter
Smith's Longspur (2): accidental vagrant in spring and late autumn
Chestnut-collared Longspur (60): uncommon spring and autumn transient; occasional in summer
Snow Bunting (29): rare to occasionally very common winter visitant, irregular
Northern Cardinal (188): rare summer resident in the east, accidental visitant west
Rose-breasted Grosbeak (57): uncommon spring and autumn transient; rare in summer
Black-headed Grosbeak (102): uncommon summer resident
Blue Grosbeak (154): fairly common summer resident in the west
Lazuli Bunting (50): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Lazuli x Indigo Bunting (5): uncommon spring and autumn transient
Indigo Bunting (61): uncommon spring transient; accidental autumn transient; rare in summer
Painted Bunting (2): hypothetical along Platte river
Dickcissel (402): fairly common summer resident; more common eastward
Bobolink (512): uncommon summer resident in wet meadows of the eastern and central sandhills
Red-winged Blackbird (2270): common to locally abundant permanent resident
Eastern Meadowlark (683): locally common summer resident
Western Meadowlark (1967): abundant summer resident throughout; a few in winter in the west
Yellow-headed Blackbird (1156): common to locally abundant summer resident
Rusty Blackbird (16): casual spring and autumn transient, accidental in winter
Brewer's Blackbird (77): common to abundant spring and autumn transient
Common Grackle (776): locally common to common summer resident
Great-tailed Grackle (19): irregular spring visitor, and rare summer resident
Brown-headed Cowbird (906): common summer resident
Orchard Oriole (495): uncommon to locally fairly common summer resident
Bullock's Oriole (10): regular breeding season resident along the Niobrara river
Baltimore Oriole (223): common summer resident of woodlands in the east and central hills
Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch (2): accidental vagrant
Pine Grosbeak (3): casual winter visitant
Purple Finch (21): casual to rare winter visitant
Cassin's Finch (2): accidental summer visitant in the west
House Finch (104): locally uncommon permanent resident
Red Crossbill (73): locally uncommon permanent resident, irregular
White-winged Crossbill (3): rare winter visitant, irregular
Common Redpoll (23): fairly uncommon winter resident, irregular
Pine Siskin (104): common spring and autumn transient; locally abundant winter visitant, occurs at bird feeders throughout the region; rare in summer
American Goldfinch (751): fairly common to abundant permanent resident
Evening Grosbeak (40): uncommon spring and autumn transient and winter visitant at bird feeders, irregular
House Sparrow (272): locally abundant permanent resident
There have been 403 different species recorded in the sandhills region. Overall the bird list has additional species, when sightings of hybrid (notable waterfowl) are included.
These species each have more than 2000 records of occurrence, and are given in descending order: | |
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Many of the records have been gathered in the past two-three decades. These are the top ten years for providing records:
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Not all species have actual records of observation, but are represented on the basis of being included in an area checklist. These are the Acadian Flycatcher, Bar-headed Goose, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Broad-tailed Hummingbird, Brown Pelican, Common Eider, Glaucous-winged Gull, Great Gray Owl, Lesser Goldfinch, Little Gull, Long-tailed Jaeger, Mew Gull, Mountain Chickadee, Pacific Loon, Pomarine Jaeger, Prothonotary Warbler, Red-naped Sapsucker, Ross's Gull, Ruffed Grouse, Swan Goose, Tufted Duck, White Ibis, White-eyed Vireo, White-throated Swift and Yellow-billed Loon.
Among the species noted, more than 175 are breeders. One of the most recent species that supposedly nested is the Sandhill Crane, with late summer young noted in 2006 in the meadow lands of Rock County. Species such as the Eared Grebe breed in large colonies. Others such as the American White Pelican, do not raise young, though egg dumping has been noted at Valentine NWR. The whole nesting season in the region is a vibrant time of bird activity.
Bird records are available from about 1,548 designated localities. Each known locality within the region - available from maps and local knowledge - has been assigned a particular name to differentiate it from any other place. When an observation record is entered in the database, it is designated to the most precise locality that can be determined. So, for example, many bird records are for Crescent Lake NWR, with additional records for a particular place within the refuge boundaries (i.e., Gimlet Lake).
Designated localities with more than 100 species recorded, based on specific observation records. The value in parenthesis indicates the number of species given by an area checklist. |
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Site Name |
No. of Species |
No. of Records |
Crescent Lake NWR |
276 (266) |
5377 |
Stapleton Area |
233 |
466 |
Bessey Forest |
220 |
1826 |
Smith Lake WMA |
180 |
756 |
Lake McConaughy |
166 (276) |
409 |
Niobrara Valley Preserve |
155 |
355 |
Swan Lake, Pass Creek |
146 |
1893 |
Valentine NWR |
144 (249) |
300 |
Goose Lake WMA |
144 |
932 |
Lake Ogallala |
139 |
219 |
Fort Niobrara NWR |
138 (225) |
256 |
Mother Lake |
124 |
906 |
Hackberry Lake, Valentine NWR |
123 |
1330 |
Calamus Reservoir |
123 |
188 |
Blake Ranch |
119 |
452 |
Niobrara Scenic River, Cherry County |
119 |
364 |
Anderson Bridge WMA |
116 |
688 |
Carson Lake |
114 |
839 |
Swan Lake |
114 |
593 |
Chain Lake |
114 |
678 |
Gimlet Lake, Crescent Lake NWR |
114 |
2173 |
Rainbow's End Game Refuge |
112 |
396 |
Lakeside |
108 |
285 |
Clear Creek WMA |
107 |
184 |
Middle Loup Riparian Habitat, Bessey Division |
107 |
221 |
Phipps Lake |
102 |
446 |
Garden County |
102 |
123 |
Hagan Lake |
102 |
674 |
Niobrara River, Brown County |
101 |
146 |
Brown County |
100 |
141 |
Willow Lake Brown County WMA |
100 |
470 |
The sand hills, and associated Niobrara River valley, is an important - yet relatively ignored - region of an array of grassland, wetland and woodland habitats inhabited by a wide variety of avifauna. There is a complete birdian story for each of these places. Further surveys and data analysis is needed to better understand distribution and occurrence of the birds. Additional information would be readily derived through a comprehensive analysis of the database details. Mapping would be an essential component of any investigative research.
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