Pinnacle Achieved in Compilation of Bird Records for Northern America

A new pinnacle of achievement has been reached in the compilation of bird records prior to the 1880s for Northern American. With the entry of more than 1000 records created by Edgar A. Mearns - of New York from 1871-1882 - this unique database now has more than 100000 distinctive instances of occurrence.

This extent is far beyond any previous expectations for what might result when this effort was initiated more than ten years ago. With an intense focus for the past two years, the information considered has dramatically increased, but has meant personal financial armageddon.

All of the information for the sightings of birds in American northward from Panama, and for the period from the early 1880s, back to ca. B.C. 10000 has been integrated into a relational database with six key tables, that now have the following statistics:

• Items in Bibliography: 2421, which includes about 80 items which it has not been possible to locate in the local university library or online
• Total number of occurrence records: 100168
• Unique entries in the bird species table: 1904, which includes recognized species, generic terms used to refer to birds (i.e., duck, goose, jay, warbler, etc. in order to deal with the myriad of ways in which people historically referred to a bird occurrence); as well as terms which refer to bird-related material, including bird bone artifact, bird effigy, bird-motif garments, petroglyphs or pictographs, skins, decoys, and feather fans. Additional species would be expected, but this will depend on the results of trying to conform the archaic names to a modern equivalent, which is basically one of the two most difficult tasks of this endeavor. it needs to be pointed out that the list includes extinct species, something which is sadly missing in modern taxonomic lists. Why should a species be ignored, and stricken from consideration once it is extinct. This situation also indicates that there is no modern list of species which is completely inclusive.
• A listing of 1403 historic narratives, which is used to determine which sources are known, and which also designates which have information about birds, and the status of its evaluation; there are 1087 which have been reviewed, with others awaiting their consideration. About 1178 are known to have information pertinent to this effort. Additional articles would be included, yet if they were brief, they were not included in this table, but simply entered into the record base, with all the essentials included.
• A table of 2117 records with the distinctly compelling tribal terms which refer to birds.
• Information on 8263 distinct localities; this table includes a distinct name for a particular place at a specific time, so there is some duplication of names. Metadata included for each site includes it situation relative to a current locality, the county (if known), state, and a designated chronology based on the period for the related records. Items are also designated as being either a narrative source, or from an excavation or archeological investigation. This allows the records of these two different types to be extracted separately.

There is some other information in some other tables that has been complied for informational purposes.

Database Considerations

My database was developed in order to have records-based documentation for the period of time being considered.

Originally it was focused on the period from millennia ago, and up to 1800. The chore of dealing with the records of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1807 was a self-imposed barrier. Once the decision was made to forge beyond this - and after a few hundred hours of effort with big stacks of books taking up space - the time period changed, for the better.

Another barrier was ca. 1850, but it was hard to limit the records to a particular period of years, as some sources spanned the period of interest and into other years, so they were added and the focus-period was altered once again.

The current barrier of ca. 1880 is another self-imposed constraint. There are a number of records for 1881-1883 in the record base, but it is those earlier items which are getting the attention. Once again, this is a artificial choice to stop, but there are actually reasons to do so.

The historic record for ornithology burgeons in this period. More bird journals are being issued, beyond the profoundly important Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club and other important journals with zoological articles, into the oological journals and others which are thankfully still being issued. It would be an endless task to continue going forward because of the vast array of sources to address. It was deemed more important to retain a limit and focus on finding whatever possible.

It should be pointed out, that any review of information on birdlife of former times could not be possible without the extensive resources which are now available online. How wonderful to search and search and find pertinent material that was previously unknown.

Historical Significance

There is no other effort underway to compile this sort of information, so this database is completely unique, and its importance to historic ornithology will only increase as further information is integrated.

The information is useful in ways only limited by the user's imagination. There is the opportunity to compare seasonal occurrence records from more than 125 years ago to modern conditions. The records document - based on known sightings, not conjecture - the distributions of a particular species, or bird group.

Personally, I've enjoyed the whole effort because of what is said in the wildly interesting reports, based on the unknown number of pages that have been read and reviewed and considered and analyzed, then documented and eventually copied once the records became part of the database.

There is such a variety of perspectives by so many contributors that can only be appreciated in an individual, yet holistic manner. Each person that took the time to get their observations and efforts recorded, provided something essential, which based on a composite analysis, is so much more than when the focus is myopic, while still expansive.

It is the effort of the individual that makes it possible to present this list of species for the time period considered. The following is a list of the species currently documented in the database, roughly based on the common names and taxonomic sequence provided by the International Ornithological Council, rather than any list provided from a North American bird organization, which does not even include some of the species documented within the area of focus:

Common Name: Number of Records • Great Tinamou: 11 • Highland Tinamou: 1 • Little Tinamou: 3 • Thicket Tinamou: 10 • Slaty-breasted Tinamou: 6 • Variegated Tinamou: 1 • Plain Chachalaca: 29 • Grey-headed Chachalaca: 2 • Rufous-vented Chachalaca: 2 • Rufous-bellied Chachalaca: 1 • West Mexican Chachalaca: 11 • White-bellied Chachalaca: 5 • Crested Guan: 16 • Black Guan: 5 • Highland Guan: 1 • Horned Guan: 3 • Great Curassow: 19 • Black Curassow: 4 • Wattled Curassow: 1 • Helmeted Guineafowl: 14 • Domestic Chicken: 73 • Bearded Wood Partridge: 3 • Long-tailed Wood Partridge: 2 • Buffy-crowned Wood Partridge: 5 • Mountain Quail: 31 • Scaled Quail: 62 • Elegant Quail: 3 • California Quail: 76 • Gambel's Quail: 119 • Banded Quail: 2 • Northern Bobwhite: 574 • Yucatan Bobwhite: 10 • Spot-bellied Bobwhite: 1 • Crested Bobwhite: 8 • Marbled Wood Quail: 2 • Black-eared Wood Quail: 3 • Gorgeted Wood Quail: 1 • Black-breasted Wood Quail: 6 • Spotted Wood Quail: 8 • Singing Quail: 3 • Montezuma Quail: 20 • Ocellated Quail: 6 • Wild Turkey: 1363 • California Turkey: 1 • Great-footed Turkey: 1 • Ocellated Turkey: 31 • Ruffed Grouse: 444 • Spruce Grouse: 150 • Sage Grouse: 212 • Gunnison Grouse: 14 • Dusky Grouse: 196 • Sharp-tailed Grouse: 288 • Lesser Prairie Chicken: 33 • Greater Prairie Chicken: 375 • White-tailed Ptarmigan: 16 • Rock Ptarmigan: 82 • Willow Ptarmigan: 187 • Grey Partridge: 7 • Common Quail: 3 • Red Junglefowl: 1 • Common Pheasant: 5 • Indian Peafowl: 7 • White-faced Whistling Duck: 3 • Black-bellied Whistling Duck: 26 • West Indian Whistling Duck: 28 • Fulvous Whistling Duck: 9 • Bean Goose: 2 • Greater White-fronted Goose: 144 • Snow Goose: 454 • Ross's Goose: 14 • Emperor Goose: 17 • Canada Goose: 1149 • Cackling Goose: 83 • Nene: 1 • Brant Goose: 253 • Barnacle Goose: 24 • Law's Diving-Goose: 18 • Extinct Sheldgoose: 1 • Trumpeter Swan: 318 • Tundra Swan: 201 • Egyptian Goose: 1 • Muscovy Duck: 23 • Wood Duck: 392 • Gadwall: 183 • Eurasian Wigeon: 13 • American Wigeon: 280 • American Black Duck: 200 • Mallard: 572 • Mexican Duck: 1 • Mottled Duck: 2 • Blue-winged Teal: 379 • Cinnamon Teal: 68 • Northern Shoveler: 273 • White-cheeked Pintail: 9 • Labrador Duck: 33 • Northern Pintail: 291 • Common Eider: 171 • Eurasian Teal: 5 • Green-winged Teal: 391 • Red-crested Pochard: 1 • Canvasback: 189 • Redhead: 161 • Ferruginous Duck: 2 • Ring-necked Duck: 138 • Tufted Duck: 1 • Greater Scaup: 142 • Lesser Scaup: 147 • Steller's Eider: 12 • Spectacled Eider: 13 • King Eider: 109 • Harlequin Duck: 93 • Surf Scoter: 136 • White-winged Scoter: 130 • Black Scoter: 88 • Long-tailed Duck: 219 • Bufflehead: 265 • Common Goldeneye: 201 • Barrow's Goldeneye: 17 • Smew: 1 • Hooded Merganser: 234 • Common Merganser: 221 • Red-breasted Merganser: 195 • Masked Duck: 16 • Ruddy Duck: 172 • Red-throated Loon: 135 • Black-throated Loon: 63 • Pacific Loon: 20 • Great Northern Loon: 306 • Yellow-billed Loon: 14 • Laysan Albatross: 2 • Black-footed Albatross: 14 • Short-tailed Albatross: 44 • Sooty Albatross: 1 • Light-mantled Albatross: 2 • Northern Fulmar: 122 • Cape Petrel: 1 • Cahow: 11 • Black-capped Petrel: 9 • Jamaica Petrel: 4 • Mottled Petrel: 1 • Black Petrel: 1 • Cory's Shearwater: 1 • Buller's Shearwater: 1 • Manx Shearwater: 21 • Black-vented Shearwater: 3 • Audubon's Shearwater: 38 • Sooty Shearwater: 26 • Short-tailed Shearwater: 13 • Pink-footed Shearwater: 4 • Great Shearwater: 32 • Wilson's Storm Petrel: 52 • White-bellied Storm Petrel: 1 • European Storm Petrel: 20 • Least Storm Petrel: 1 • Leach's Storm Petrel: 49 • Black Storm Petrel: 3 • Ashy Storm Petrel: 3 • Fork-tailed Storm Petrel: 12 • Least Grebe: 30 • Pied-billed Grebe: 273 • Red-necked Grebe: 133 • Horned Grebe: 141 • Black-necked Grebe: 94 • Western Grebe: 56 • Clark's Grebe: 7 • Greater Flamingo: 58 • Wood Stork: 77 • Jabiru: 3 • Green Ibis: 2 • Club-winged Ibis: 3 • American White Ibis: 71 • Scarlet Ibis: 17 • Glossy Ibis: 50 • White-faced Ibis: 21 • Roseate Spoonbill: 65 • Rufescent Tiger Heron: 4 • Bare-throated Tiger Heron: 19 • Agami Heron: 1 • Boat-billed Heron: 15 • American Bittern: 304 • Least Bittern: 147 • Black-crowned Night Heron: 200 • Yellow-crowned Night Heron: 82 • Bermuda Night-Heron: 1 • Green Heron: 264 • Great Blue Heron: 463 • Great Egret: 220 • Capped Heron: 1 • Reddish Egret: 35 • Tricolored Heron: 57 • Little Blue Heron: 118 • Snowy Egret: 145 • Little Egret: 1 • Red-billed Tropicbird: 32 • White-tailed Tropicbird: 20 • Magnificent Frigatebird: 90 • American White Pelican: 314 • Brown Pelican: 127 • Northern Gannet: 90 • Masked Booby: 3 • Red-footed Booby: 11 • Brown Booby: 57 • Brandt's Cormorant: 31 • Neotropic Cormorant: 17 • Double-crested Cormorant: 267 • Spectacled Cormorant: 2 • Great Cormorant: 49 • Anhinga: 67 • Pelagic Shag: 53 • Red-faced Shag: 10 • Turkey Vulture: 510 • Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture: 2 • Black Vulture: 102 • Occidental Vulture: 5 • Painted Vulture: 2 • Cuban Condor: 1 • King Vulture: 11 • California Condor: 74 • Ancestral Condor: 1 • Rancho La Brea Condor: 1 • Merriam's Teratorn: 1 • Red-throated Caracara: 6 • Northern Crested Caracara: 42 • Guadalupe Caracara: 2 • Creighton's Caracara: 1 • Cheriway Caracara: 3 • Terrestrial Caracara: 1 • Bahamas Caracara: 1 • Puerto Rican Caracara: 1 • Yellow-headed Caracara: 1 • Laughing Falcon: 20 • Barred Forest Falcon: 5 • Lined Forest Falcon: 3 • Collared Forest Falcon: 11 • Buckley's Forest Falcon: 2 • American Kestrel: 517 • Cuban Kestrel: 3 • Swarth Falcon: 1 • Aplomado Falcon: 22 • Merlin: 265 • Bat Falcon: 13 • Orange-breasted Falcon: 3 • Gyrfalcon: 76 • Prairie Falcon: 124 • Peregrine Falcon: 212 • Osprey: 334 • Grey-headed Kite: 7 • Hook-billed Kite: 7 • Cuban Kite: 5 • Swallow-tailed Kite: 126 • White-tailed Kite: 21 • Snail Kite: 10 • Slender-billed Kite: 1 • Double-toothed Kite: 1 • Mississippi Kite: 55 • Plumbeous Kite: 2 • White-tailed Eagle: 3 • Bald Eagle: 647 • Steller's Sea Eagle: 2 • Northern Harrier: 380 • Grey-bellied Hawk: 1 • Semicollared Hawk: 1 • Sharp-shinned Hawk: 239 • Cooper's Hawk: 203 • Gundlach's Hawk: 2 • Bicolored Hawk: 14 • Northern Goshawk: 150 • Crane Hawk: 6 • Barred Hawk: 2 • Semiplumbeous Hawk: 3 • White Hawk: 7 • Rufous Crab Hawk: 1 • Common Black Hawk: 35 • Great Black Hawk: 16 • Savanna Hawk: 1 • Harris's Hawk: 19 • Cuban Titan-Hawk: 1 • Black-collared Hawk: 4 • Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle: 1 • Montane Solitary Eagle: 1 • Grey-lined Hawk: 26 • Roadside Hawk: 29 • Red-shouldered Hawk: 199 • Broad-winged Hawk: 116 • Short-tailed Hawk: 6 • Swainson's Hawk: 152 • White-tailed Hawk: 7 • Variable Hawk: 7 • Zone-tailed Hawk: 8 • Red-tailed Hawk: 450 • Ferruginous Hawk: 64 • Roughleg: 177 • Crested Eagle: 1 • Harpy Eagle: 10 • Golden Eagle: 278 • Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle: 4 • Black Hawk-Eagle: 8 • American Neophron: 1 • Fragile Eagle: 2 • Ornate Hawk-Eagle: 14 • Sunbittern: 7 • Yellow Rail: 53 • Antillean Cave-Rail: 8 • Ruddy Crake: 1 • White-throated Crake: 4 • Grey-breasted Crake: 2 • Black Rail: 44 • Clapper Rail: 65 • King Rail: 70 • Virginia Rail: 139 • Corn Crake: 5 • Rufous-necked Wood Rail: 4 • Grey-necked Wood Rail: 15 • Uniform Crake: 4 • Little Crake: 4 • Sora: 225 • Yellow-breasted Crake: 3 • Spotted Rail: 4 • Purple Gallinule: 86 • Common Moorhen: 127 • American Coot: 412 • Caribbean Coot: 6 • Sungrebe: 2 • Black Crowned Crane: 1 • Sandhill Crane: 619 • Whooping Crane: 135 • Cuban Flightless Crane: 1 • Limpkin: 36 • Double-striped Thick-knee: 5 • Brodkorb's Thick-knee: 1 • Black Oystercatcher: 29 • American Oystercatcher: 72 • Eurasian Oystercatcher: 1 • Black-necked Stilt: 97 • American Avocet: 157 • Northern Lapwing: 5 • La Brea Lapwing: 1 • European Golden Plover: 2 • Pacific Golden Plover: 2 • American Golden Plover: 241 • Grey Plover: 160 • New Zealand Plover: 99 • Common Ringed Plover: 15 • Semipalmated Plover: 154 • Wilson's Plover: 53 • Killdeer: 370 • Piping Plover: 80 • Snowy Plover: 15 • Collared Plover: 2 • Mountain Plover: 49 • Northern Jacana: 40 • Wattled Jacana: 3 • Eurasian Woodcock: 5 • American Woodcock: 252 • Puerto Rican Woodcock: 2 • Wilson's Snipe: 414 • Short-billed Dowitcher: 137 • Long-billed Dowitcher: 26 • Black-tailed Godwit: 2 • Hudsonian Godwit: 80 • Bar-tailed Godwit: 10 • Marbled Godwit: 131 • Whimbrel: 90 • Bristle-thighed Curlew: 2 • Long-billed Curlew: 280 • Upland Sandpiper: 234 • Spotted Redshank: 6 • Common Greenshank: 2 • Greater Yellowlegs: 242 • Lesser Yellowlegs: 217 • Green Sandpiper: 2 • Solitary Sandpiper: 214 • Wood Sandpiper: 1 • Common Sandpiper: 1 • Spotted Sandpiper: 290 • Grey-tailed Tattler: 1 • Wandering Tattler: 18 • Buff-breasted Sandpiper: 55 • Willet: 168 • Ruddy Turnstone: 162 • Black Turnstone: 18 • Surfbird: 7 • Red Knot: 109 • Sanderling: 131 • Semipalmated Sandpiper: 169 • Western Sandpiper: 7 • Red-necked Stint: 1 • Least Sandpiper: 208 • White-rumped Sandpiper: 76 • Cooper's Sandpiper: 1 • Baird's Sandpiper: 44 • Pectoral Sandpiper: 142 • Sharp-tailed Sandpiper: 1 • Curlew Sandpiper: 23 • Purple Sandpiper: 55 • Rock Sandpiper: 7 • Dunlin: 115 • Stilt Sandpiper: 63 • Spoon-billed Sandpiper: 1 • Ruff: 11 • Wilson's Phalarope: 86 • Red-necked Phalarope: 109 • Red Phalarope: 66 • Heermann's Gull: 24 • Mew Gull: 53 • Ring-billed Gull: 109 • California Gull: 36 • Great Black-backed Gull: 86 • Glaucous-winged Gull: 49 • Western Gull: 34 • Glaucous Gull: 146 • Iceland Gull: 29 • Thayer's Gull: 2 • Herring Gull: 216 • Vega Gull: 1 • Lesser Black-backed Gull: 6 • Common Black-headed Gull: 18 • Bonaparte's Gull: 126 • Laughing Gull: 98 • Franklin's Gull: 44 • Little Gull: 1 • Ivory Gull: 58 • Ross's Gull: 2 • Sabine's Gull: 33 • Black-legged Kittiwake: 118 • Red-legged Kittiwake: 8 • Gull-billed Tern: 50 • Caspian Tern: 21 • Elegant Tern: 3 • Sandwich Tern: 29 • Royal Tern: 78 • Roseate Tern: 33 • Common Tern: 136 • Arctic Tern: 101 • Forster's Tern: 49 • Snowy-crowned Tern: 2 • Least Tern: 107 • Aleutian Tern: 2 • Bridled Tern: 6 • Sooty Tern: 60 • Black Tern: 138 • Brown Noddy: 26 • Black Noddy: 3 • Black Skimmer: 53 • Great Skua: 12 • Pomarine Skua: 36 • Parasitic Jaeger: 84 • Long-tailed Jaeger: 14 • Little Auk: 109 • Thick-billed Murre: 47 • Common Murre: 113 • Razorbill: 67 • Great Auk: 60 • Black Guillemot: 156 • Pigeon Guillemot: 41 • Marbled Murrelet: 28 • Long-billed Murrelet: 1 • Xantus's Murrelet: 5 • Craveri's Murrelet: 1 • Ancient Murrelet: 23 • Cassin's Auklet: 23 • Parakeet Auklet: 20 • Least Auklet: 13 • Whiskered Auklet: 3 • Crested Auklet: 28 • Rhinoceros Auklet: 30 • Atlantic Puffin: 54 • Horned Puffin: 28 • Dow's Puffin: 1 • Tufted Puffin: 59 • Common Pigeon: 9 • White-crowned Pigeon: 57 • Scaly-naped Pigeon: 15 • Scaled Pigeon: 8 • Bare-eyed Pigeon: 18 • Band-tailed Pigeon: 58 • Ring-tailed Pigeon: 14 • Pale-vented Pigeon: 12 • Red-billed Pigeon: 25 • Plain Pigeon: 15 • Ruddy Pigeon: 4 • Short-billed Pigeon: 4 • Ringed Turtle-Dove: 1 • Mourning Dove: 549 • Socorro Dove: 2 • Passenger Pigeon: 782 • Zenaida Dove: 53 • White-winged Dove: 36 • Inca Dove: 18 • Common Ground Dove: 114 • Ruddy Ground Dove: 20 • Blue Ground Dove: 12 • Maroon-chested Ground Dove: 1 • White-tipped Dove: 29 • Grey-fronted Dove: 6 • Caribbean Dove: 7 • Grey-chested Dove: 5 • Buff-fronted Quail-Dove: 4 • Olive-backed Quail-Dove: 6 • Grey-fronted Quail-Dove: 4 • Crested Quail-Dove: 4 • White-faced Quail-Dove: 5 • Chiriqui Quail-Dove: 11 • Key West Quail-Dove: 10 • Bridled Quail-Dove: 4 • Violaceous Quail-Dove: 3 • Ruddy Quail-Dove: 32 • Blue-headed Quail-Dove: 7 • Carolina Parakeet: 256 • Puerto Rican Quail-Dove: 5 • Blue-and-yellow Macaw: 3 • Red-tailed Macaw: 1 • Martinique Macaw: 2 • Dominican Macaw: 2 • St. Croix Macaw: 1 • Military Macaw: 16 • Scarlet Macaw: 59 • Cuban Red Macaw: 16 • Lesser Antillean Macaw: 6 • Gosse's Macaw: 2 • Chestnut-fronted Macaw: 2 • Thick-billed Parrot: 9 • Green Parakeet: 5 • Socorro Parakeet: 2 • Cuban Parakeet: 4 • Hispaniolan Parakeet: 11 • Jamaican Parakeet: 9 • Aztec Parakeet: 7 • Orange-fronted Parakeet: 12 • Brown-throated Parakeet: 7 • Blaze-winged Parakeet: 2 • Sulphur-winged Parakeet: 7 • Barred Parakeet: 5 • Mexican Parrotlet: 1 • Green-rumped Parrotlet: 1 • Orange-chinned Parakeet: 19 • Brown-hooded Parrot: 5 • Blue-headed Parrot: 6 • White-capped Parrot: 10 • White-crowned Parrot: 11 • Cuban Amazon: 15 • Yellow-billed Amazon: 5 • Hispaniolan Amazon: 9 • White-fronted Amazon: 5 • Yucatan Amazon: 2 • Black-billed Amazon: 7 • Puerto Rican Amazon: 4 • Red-crowned Amazon: 3 • Lilac-crowned Amazon: 4 • Red-lored Amazon: 10 • Yellow-headed Amazon: 11 • Yellow-naped Amazon: 12 • Yellow-crowned Amazon: 1 • Guadeloupe Parrot: 5 • Martinique Parrot: 3 • Mealy Amazon: 8 • Red-necked Amazon: 1 • St. Vincent Amazon: 3 • Imperial Amazon: 2 • Greater Ani: 2 • Smooth-billed Ani: 47 • Groove-billed Ani: 28 • Striped Cuckoo: 10 • Pheasant Cuckoo: 7 • Lesser Ground Cuckoo: 10 • Greater Roadrunner: 74 • Conkling Roadrunner: 3 • Lesser Roadrunner: 10 • Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo: 2 • Little Cuckoo: 1 • Squirrel Cuckoo: 40 • Yellow-billed Cuckoo: 210 • Pearly-breasted Cuckoo: 2 • Mangrove Cuckoo: 40 • Cocos Cuckoo: 1 • Black-billed Cuckoo: 174 • Chestnut-bellied Cuckoo: 5 • Bay-breasted Cuckoo: 1 • Jamaican Lizard Cuckoo: 7 • Great Lizard Cuckoo: 8 • Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo: 8 • Hispaniolan Lizard Cuckoo: 5

• Barn Owl: 136 • Bahaman Barn Owl: 2 • Barbudan Barn Owl: 1 • Puerto Rican Barn Owl: 1 • Hispaniolan Barn Owl: 1 • Flammulated Owl: 10 • Eastern Screech Owl: 223 • Western Screech Owl: 21 • Whiskered Screech Owl: 1 • Tropical Screech Owl: 2 • Bearded Screech Owl: 1 • Vermiculated Screech Owl: 7 • Puerto Rican Screech Owl: 7 • Bare-legged Owl: 10 • Snowy Owl: 218 • Great Horned Owl: 426 • Cuban Giant Owl: 1 • Spotted Owl: 8 • Barred Owl: 226 • Fulvous Owl: 1 • Great Grey Owl: 76 • Mottled Owl: 13 • Black-and-white Owl: 5 • Crested Owl: 5 • Spectacled Owl: 10 • Northern Hawk-Owl: 94 • Northern Pygmy Owl: 24 • Ferruginous Pygmy Owl: 10 • Cuban Pygmy Owl: 8 • Elf Owl: 6 • Burrowing Owl: 165 • Boreal Owl: 40 • Northern Saw-whet Owl: 130 • Jamaican Owl: 5 • Stygian Owl: 5 • Long-eared Owl: 177 • Short-eared Owl: 200 • Great Potoo: 1 • Northern Potoo: 9 • Common Potoo: 3 • Lesser Nighthawk: 24 • Common Nighthawk: 407 • Antillean Nighthawk: 3 • Pauraque: 25 • Common Poorwill: 54 • Cuban Poorwill: 1 • Jamaican Pauraque: 4 • Puerto Rican Nightjar: 3 • Chuck-will's-widow: 64 • Rufous Nightjar: 2 • Greater Antillean Nightjar: 3 • Tawny-collared Nightjar: 2 • Buff-collared Nightjar: 1 • Whip-poor-will: 300 • Dusky Nightjar: 1 • American Black Swift: 12 • Chestnut-collared Swift: 2 • White-collared Swift: 20 • Lesser Antillean Swift: 3 • Costa Rican Swift: 1 • Vaux's Swift: 14 • Chimney Swift: 256 • Short-tailed Swift: 4 • White-throated Swift: 27 • Antillean Palm Swift: 14 • Great Swallow-tailed Swift: 2 • White-tipped Sicklebill: 3 • Rufous-breasted Hermit: 2 • Bronzy Hermit: 2 • Band-tailed Barbthroat: 3 • Green Hermit: 8 • Long-billed Hermit: 6 • Scale-throated Hermit: 1 • Little Hermit: 12 • Stripe-throated Hermit: 1 • Green-fronted Lancebill: 2 • Scaly-breasted Hummingbird: 6 • Wedge-tailed Sabrewing: 9 • Rufous Sabrewing: 4 • Violet Sabrewing: 18 • White-necked Jacobin: 9 • Brown Violetear: 3 • Green Violetear: 21 • Green-breasted Mango: 13 • Black-throated Mango: 1 • Veraguan Mango: 5 • Antillean Mango: 10 • Green Mango: 4 • Jamaican Mango: 10 • Purple-throated Carib: 11 • Green-throated Carib: 20 • Ruby Topaz: 2 • Antillean Crested Hummingbird: 30 • Violet-headed Hummingbird: 10 • Emerald-chinned Hummingbird: 5 • Rufous-crested Coquette: 4 • Black-crested Coquette: 5 • White-crested Coquette: 1 • Green Thorntail: 5 • Red-billed Streamertail: 4 • Blue-chinned Sapphire: 1 • Canivet's Emerald: 19 • Garden Emerald: 11 • Blue-tailed Emerald: 1 • Glittering-bellied Emerald: 2 • Cuban Emerald: 6 • Brace's Emerald: 1 • Hispaniolan Emerald: 5 • Puerto Rican Emerald: 4 • Fiery-throated Hummingbird: 5 • White-tailed Emerald: 3 • Coppery-headed Emerald: 4 • Stripe-tailed Hummingbird: 8 • Black-bellied Hummingbird: 3 • Dusky Hummingbird: 2 • Broad-billed Hummingbird: 12 • Blue-headed Hummingbird: 2 • Violet-crowned Woodnymph: 2 • Fork-tailed Woodnymph: 10 • Violet-capped Woodnymph: 2 • Violet-bellied Hummingbird: 3 • Sapphire-throated Hummingbird: 12 • Blue-throated Sapphire: 7 • Cinnamon Hummingbird: 13 • Buff-bellied Hummingbird: 8 • Rufous-tailed Hummingbird: 23 • Amazilia Hummingbird: 4 • White-bellied Emerald: 9 • Azure-crowned Hummingbird: 10 • Violet-crowned Hummingbird: 8 • Blue-chested Hummingbird: 6 • Mangrove Hummingbird: 1 • Honduran Emerald: 1 • Steely-vented Hummingbird: 7 • Snowy-bellied Hummingbird: 11 • Blue-tailed Hummingbird: 3 • Berylline Hummingbird: 12 • Snowcap: 5 • White-vented Plumeleteer: 2 • Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer: 3 • Blue-throated Mountaingem: 8 • Amethyst-throated Mountaingem: 8 • Green-throated Mountaingem: 4 • White-bellied Mountaingem: 6 • Purple-throated Mountaingem: 17 • White-throated Mountaingem: 11 • Xantus's Hummingbird: 4 • White-eared Hummingbird: 15 • Garnet-throated Hummingbird: 5 • Green-crowned Brilliant: 11 • Magnificent Hummingbird: 17 • Bahama Woodstar: 7 • Purple-crowned Fairy: 10 • Plain-capped Starthroat: 9 • Long-billed Starthroat: 18 • Sparkling-tailed Woodstar: 3 • Slender Sheartail: 8 • Mexican Sheartail: 2 • Magenta-throated Woodstar: 11 • Lucifer Sheartail: 6 • Beautiful Sheartail: 2 • Vervain Hummingbird: 10 • Bee Hummingbird: 4 • Ruby-throated Hummingbird: 349 • Black-chinned Hummingbird: 27 • Anna's Hummingbird: 24 • Costa's Hummingbird: 14 • Bumblebee Hummingbird: 12 • Wine-throated Hummingbird: 1 • Broad-tailed Hummingbird: 32 • Rufous Hummingbird: 67 • Allen's Hummingbird: 2 • Volcano Hummingbird: 5 • Glow-throated Hummingbird: 2 • Scintillant Hummingbird: 8 • Calliope Hummingbird: 18 • Cuban Trogon: 10 • Hispaniolan Trogon: 5 • Black-headed Trogon: 11 • Citreoline Trogon: 11 • Amazonian White-tailed Trogon: 2 • Baird's Trogon: 2 • Violaceous Trogon: 25 • Mountain Trogon: 11 • Elegant Trogon: 6 • Collared Trogon: 28 • Black-throated Trogon: 14 • Slaty-tailed Trogon: 19 • Lattice-tailed Trogon: 5 • Black-tailed Trogon: 9 • Resplendent Quetzal: 20 • American Pygmy Kingfisher: 13 • Green-and-rufous Kingfisher: 3 • Green Kingfisher: 41 • Amazon Kingfisher: 14 • Ringed Kingfisher: 18 • Belted Kingfisher: 489 • Cuban Tody: 5 • Broad-billed Tody: 5 • Jamaican Tody: 5 • Puerto Rican Tody: 3 • Tody Motmot: 4 • Blue-throated Motmot: 1 • Russet-crowned Motmot: 9 • Blue-crowned Motmot: 40 • Rufous Motmot: 7 • Keel-billed Motmot: 10 • Broad-billed Motmot: 7 • Turquoise-browed Motmot: 20 • Emerald Toucanet: 15 • Collared Aracari: 22 • Fiery-billed Aracari: 7 • Yellow-eared Toucanet: 8 • Keel-billed Toucan: 14 • White-throated Toucan: 2 • Chestnut-mandibled Toucan: 8 • Spot-crowned Barbet: 2 • Red-headed Barbet: 5 • Prong-billed Barbet: 6 • Olivaceous Piculet: 4 • Antillean Piculet: 5 • Lewis's Woodpecker: 98 • Puerto Rican Woodpecker: 8 • Red-headed Woodpecker: 322 • Acorn Woodpecker: 62 • Golden-naped Woodpecker: 1 • Black-cheeked Woodpecker: 11 • Hispaniolan Woodpecker: 7 • Jamaican Woodpecker: 7 • Golden-cheeked Woodpecker: 4 • Grey-breasted Woodpecker: 2 • Yucatan Woodpecker: 15 • Red-crowned Woodpecker: 3 • Gila Woodpecker: 18 • Hoffmann's Woodpecker: 5 • Golden-fronted Woodpecker: 31 • Red-bellied Woodpecker: 156 • West Indian Woodpecker: 8 • Williamson's Sapsucker: 37 • Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: 258 • Red-naped Sapsucker: 23 • Red-breasted Sapsucker: 31 • Chestnut Woodpecker: 1 • Cuban Green Woodpecker: 7 • Ladder-backed Woodpecker: 34 • Nuttall's Woodpecker: 17 • Downy Woodpecker: 299 • Hairy Woodpecker: 326 • Strickland's Woodpecker: 6 • Red-cockaded Woodpecker: 42 • White-headed Woodpecker: 23 • American Three-toed Woodpecker: 65 • Black-backed Woodpecker: 62 • Smoky-brown Woodpecker: 10 • Little Woodpecker: 2 • Red-rumped Woodpecker: 2 • Rufous-winged Woodpecker: 1 • Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker: 1 • Golden-olive Woodpecker: 7 • Northern Flicker: 684 • Gilded Flicker: 7 • Fernandina's Flicker: 6 • Cinnamon Woodpecker: 2 • Chestnut-colored Woodpecker: 13 • Lineated Woodcreeper: 18 • Pileated Woodpecker: 238 • Crimson-bellied Woodpecker: 2 • Crimson-crested Woodpecker: 5 • Pale-billed Woodpecker: 21 • Ivory-billed Woodpecker: 64 • European Green Woodpecker: 1 • Rufous-tailed Jacamar: 17 • Great Jacamar: 3 • Guianan Puffbird: 6 • Black-breasted Puffbird: 1 • Pied Puffbird: 1 • White-whiskered Puffbird: 13 • Grey-cheeked Nunlet: 1 • White-fronted Nunbird: 6 • White-ruffed Manakin: 10 • Blue-crowned Manakin: 4 • White-collared Manakin: 13 • Golden-collared Manakin: 3 • Orange-collared Manakin: 2 • Long-tailed Manakin: 13 • Lance-tailed Manakin: 8 • Blue Manakin: 1 • White-crowned Manakin: 4 • Red-capped Manakin: 12 • Golden-headed Manakin: 3 • Black-crowned Tityra: 11 • Black-tailed Tityra: 1 • Masked Tityra: 27 • Thrush-like Schiffornis: 11 • Speckled Mourner: 6 • Barred Becard: 1 • Cinereous Becard: 2 • Cinnamon Becard: 6 • White-winged Becard: 9 • Black-and-white Becard: 2 • Grey-collared Becard: 11 • One-colored Becard: 2 • Rose-throated Becard: 23 • Jamaican Becard: 5 • Sharpbill: 2 • Lovely Cotinga: 7 • Three-wattled Bellbird: 10 • Rufous Piha: 9 • Snowy Cotinga: 5 • Purple-throated Fruitcrow: 4 • Bare-necked Umbrellabird: 9 • Grey-headed Piprites: 2 • Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet: 1 • Greenish Elaenia: 12 • Jamaican Elaenia: 5 • Yellow-bellied Elaenia: 16 • Caribbean Elaenia: 13 • Lesser Elaenia: 2 • Mountain Elaenia: 10 • Brown-capped Tyrannulet: 2 • Northern Beardless Tyrannulet: 5 • Southern Beardless Tyrannulet: 3 • Torrent Tyrannulet: 3 • Yellow Tyrannulet: 2 • Paltry Tyrannulet: 14 • Panamanian Tyrannulet: 1 • Rufous-browed Tyrannulet: 2 • Streak-necked Flycatcher: 1 • Olive-striped Flycatcher: 6 • Ochre-bellied Flycatcher: 15 • Sepia-capped Flycatcher: 4 • Slaty-capped Flycatcher: 3 • Northern Scrub Flycatcher: 2 • Bran-colored Flycatcher: 3 • Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant: 1 • Black-tailed Myiobius: 2 • Northern Bentbill: 10 • Southern Bentbill: 1 • Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant: 8 • Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant: 3 • Slaty-headed Tody-Flycatcher: 3 • Common Tody-Flycatcher: 20 • Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher: 3 • Brownish Twistwing: 1 • Eye-ringed Flatbill: 8 • Olivaceous Flatbill: 3 • Yellow-olive Flatbill: 16 • Stub-tailed Spadebill: 7 • White-throated Spadebill: 4 • Golden-crowned Spadebill: 4 • Amazonian Royal Flycatcher: 19 • Sulphur-rumped Myiobius: 13 • Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher: 6 • Euler's Flycatcher: 24 • Tawny-chested Flycatcher: 2 • Eastern Phoebe: 296 • Black Phoebe: 47 • Say's Phoebe: 92 • Northern Tufted Flycatcher: 13 • Olive-sided Flycatcher: 132 • Greater Pewee: 6 • Dark Pewee: 4 • Ochraceous Pewee: 1 • Western Wood Pewee: 86 • Eastern Wood Pewee: 216 • Tropical Pewee: 4 • Hispaniolan Pewee: 2 • Jamaican Pewee: 3 • Lesser Antillean Pewee: 4 • Yellow-bellied Flycatcher: 127 • Acadian Flycatcher: 92 • Willow Flycatcher: 105 • Alder Flycatcher: 5 • White-throated Flycatcher: 1 • Least Flycatcher: 212 • Hammond's Flycatcher: 17 • American Grey Flycatcher: 37 • Pine Flycatcher: 2 • Pacific-slope Flycatcher: 11 • Yellowish Flycatcher: 8 • Buff-breasted Flycatcher: 9 • Black-capped Flycatcher: 1 • Vermilion Flycatcher: 36 • Cuban Pewee: 11 • Long-tailed Tyrant: 5 • Piratic Flycatcher: 15 • Rusty-margined Flycatcher: 2 • Social Flycatcher: 30 • Grey-capped Flycatcher: 3 • Great Kiskadee: 22 • Lesser Kiskadee: 1 • White-ringed Flycatcher: 1 • Golden-bellied Flycatcher: 5 • Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher: 18 • Streaked Flycatcher: 10 • Boat-billed Flycatcher: 21 • Tropical Kingbird: 38 • Couch's Kingbird: 5 • Cassin's Kingbird: 26 • Thick-billed Kingbird: 6 • Western Kingbird: 130 • Scissor-tailed Flycatcher: 39 • Fork-tailed Flycatcher: 29 • Eastern Kingbird: 380 • Grey Kingbird: 50 • Giant Kingbird: 4 • Loggerhead Kingbird: 24 • Rufous Mourner: 11 • Yucatan Flycatcher: 1 • Sad Flycatcher: 4 • Dusky-capped Flycatcher: 2 • Panamanian Flycatcher: 6 • Ash-throated Flycatcher: 43 • Nutting's Flycatcher: 2 • Great Crested Flycatcher: 208 • Brown-crested Flycatcher: 26 • La Sagra's Flycatcher: 3 • Stolid Flycatcher: 9 • Puerto Rican Flycatcher: 4 • Lesser Antillean Flycatcher: 8 • Flammulated Flycatcher: 2 • Bright-rumped Attila: 14 • Fasciated Antshrike: 7 • Great Antshrike: 10 • Black-crested Antshrike: 4 • Barred Antshrike: 32 • Black-hooded Antshrike: 9 • Western Slaty Antshrike: 1 • Northern Slaty Antshrike: 6 • Amazonian Antshrike: 1 • Russet Antshrike: 5 • Plain Antvireo: 11 • Streak-crowned Antvireo: 3 • Spot-crowned Antvireo: 1 • Checker-throated Antwren: 2 • Ornate Antwren: 1 • Pygmy Antwren: 3 • Guianan Streaked Antwren: 1 • White-flanked Antwren: 7 • Slaty Antwren: 11 • Dot-winged Antwren: 10 • Southern White-fringed Antwren: 1 • Dusky Antbird: 13 • Jet Antbird: 1 • Bare-crowned Antbird: 8 • White-bellied Antbird: 1 • Chestnut-backed Antbird: 2 • Dull-mantled Antbird: 5 • Immaculate Antbird: 9 • Bicolored Antbird: 6 • Spotted Antbird: 5 • Ocellated Antbird: 4 • Black-faced Antthrush: 9 • Mayan Antthrush: 1 • Rufous-breasted Antthrush: 1 • Black-crowned Antpitta: 4 • Scaled Antpitta: 9 • Streak-chested Antpitta: 8 • Thicket Antpitta: 3 • Ochre-breasted Antpitta: 5 • White-whiskered Spinetail: 1 • Grey-bellied Spinetail: 1 • Pale-breasted Spinetail: 1 • Rufous-breasted Spinetail: 9 • Slaty Spinetail: 4 • Dusky Spinetail: 1 • Red-faced Spinetail: 7 • Spotted Barbtail: 8 • Ruddy Treerunner: 4 • Buffy Tuftedcheek: 5 • Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner: 10 • Lineated Foliage-gleaner: 4 • Eastern Woodhaunter: 2 • Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner: 1 • Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner: 2 • Streak-breasted Treehunter: 4 • Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner: 8 • Ruddy Foliage-gleaner: 11 • Tawny-throated Leaftosser: 9 • Scaly-throated Leaftosser: 2 • Plain Xenops: 12 • Plain-brown Woodcreeper: 4 • Tawny-winged Woodcreeper: 6 • Ruddy Woodcreeper: 6 • Olivaceous Woodcreeper: 11 • Wedge-billed Woodcreeper: 10 • White-throated Woodcreeper: 1 • Great Rufous Woodcreeper: 1 • Northern Barred Woodcreeper: 10 • Black-banded Woodcreeper: 4 • Buff-throated Woodcreeper: 2 • Cocoa Woodcreeper: 2 • Ivory-billed Woodcreeper: 12 • Black-striped Woodcreeper: 5 • Spotted Woodcreeper: 16 • White-striped Woodcreeper: 3 • Streak-headed Woodcreeper: 11 • Spot-crowned Woodcreeper: 13 • Red-billed Scythebill: 1 • Brown-billed Scythebill: 2 • Loggerhead Shrike: 228 • Great Grey Shrike: 193 • Rufous-browed Peppershrike: 18 • Chestnut-sided Shrike-Vireo: 5 • Green Shrike-Vireo: 4 • Slaty Vireo: 2 • White-eyed Vireo: 134 • Thick-billed Vireo: 2 • Mangrove Vireo: 9 • Jamaican Vireo: 4 • Cuban Vireo: 3 • Puerto Rican Vireo: 3 • Bell's Vireo: 44 • Black-capped Vireo: 2 • Grey Vireo: 3 • Blue Mountain Vireo: 2 • Yellow-throated Vireo: 125 • Plumbeous Vireo: 16 • Cassin's Vireo: 6 • Blue-headed Vireo: 160 • Yellow-winged Vireo: 2 • Hutton’s Vireo: 11 • Golden Vireo: 3 • Warbling Vireo: 181 • Brown-capped Vireo: 4 • Philadelphia Vireo: 46 • Red-eyed Vireo: 261 • Yellow-green Vireo: 19 • Black-whiskered Vireo: 30 • Yucatan Vireo: 1 • Golden-fronted Greenlet: 2 • Scrub Greenlet: 4 • Tawny-crowned Greenlet: 4 • Lesser Greenlet: 15 • Grey Jay: 161 • Purplish-backed Jay: 1 • Azure-hooded Jay: 9 • Silvery-throated Jay: 1 • Bushy-crested Jay: 7 • San Blas Jay: 1 • Yucatan Jay: 7 • Black-chested Jay: 2 • Plush-crested Jay: 1 • Green Jay: 24 • Brown Jay: 25 • Black-throated Magpie-Jay: 5 • White-throated Magpie-Jay: 9 • Blue Jay: 329 • Extinct Jay: 1 • Steller's Jay: 160 • Mexican Jay: 20 • Unicolored Jay: 7 • Western Scrub Jay: 68 • Florida Scrub Jay: 31 • Pinyon Jay: 42 • Dwarf Jay: 4 • Black-billed Magpie: 277 • Yellow-billed Magpie: 20 • Clark's Nutcracker: 86 • American Crow: 652 • Northwestern Crow: 37 • Fish Crow: 71 • Hispaniolan Palm Crow: 5 • Cuban Palm Crow: 4 • Puerto Rican Crow: 1 • Jamaican Crow: 7 • Cuban Crow: 12 • White-necked Crow: 12 • Northern Raven: 696 • Chihuahuan Raven: 28

• Bohemian Waxwing: 102 • Cedar Waxwing: 292 • Black-and-yellow Phainoptila: 5 • Grey Silky-flycatcher: 13 • Long-tailed Silky-flycatcher: 6 • Phainopepla: 29 • Palmchat: 8 • Carolina Chickadee: 56 • Black-capped Chickadee: 269 • Mountain Chickadee: 49 • Mexican Chickadee: 5 • Grey-headed Chickadee: 3 • Boreal Chickadee: 48 • Chestnut-backed Chickadee: 19 • Bridled Titmouse: 9 • Oak Titmouse: 25 • Juniper Titmouse: 3 • Tufted Titmouse: 140 • Black-crested Titmouse: 9 • Verdin: 17 • Sand Martin: 273 • Tree Swallow: 307 • Mangrove Swallow: 5 • Golden Swallow: 11 • Violet-green Swallow: 65 • Bahama Swallow: 1 • Purple Martin: 367 • Cuban Martin: 2 • Caribbean Martin: 31 • Grey-breasted Martin: 4 • Blue-and-white Swallow: 6 • Black-capped Swallow: 2 • Northern Rough-winged Swallow: 134 • Southern Rough-winged Swallow: 9 • Barn Swallow: 387 • American Cliff Swallow: 323 • Cave Swallow: 4 • American Bushtit: 59 • Eurasian Skylark: 5 • Horned Lark: 392 • Arctic Warbler: 3 • Eurasian Blackcap: 1 • Wrentit: 13 • Golden-crowned Kinglet: 202 • Ruby-crowned Kinglet: 236 • White-headed Wren: 1 • Band-backed Wren: 14 • Grey-barred Wren: 5 • Rufous-naped Wren: 16 • Spotted Wren: 2 • Boucard’s Wren: 3 • Yucatan Wren: 3 • Cactus Wren: 15 • Rock Wren: 98 • Canyon Wren: 33 • Sumichrast's Wren: 1 • Sedge Wren: 75 • Marsh Wren: 138 • Bewick's Wren: 86 • Socorro Wren: 4 • Black-throated Wren: 3 • Black-bellied Wren: 4 • Happy Wren: 4 • Spot-breasted Wren: 9 • Rufous-breasted Wren: 8 • Riverside Wren: 1 • Bay Wren: 6 • Stripe-breasted Wren: 5 • Banded Wren: 9 • Carolina Wren: 114 • Rufous-and-white Wren: 10 • Sinaloa Wren: 3 • Plain Wren: 12 • Buff-breasted Wren: 3 • Long-billed Wren: 1 • Winter Wren: 190 • House Wren: 337 • Ochraceous Wren: 1 • White-bellied Wren: 6 • White-breasted Wood Wren: 9 • Grey-breasted Wood Wren: 7 • Northern Nightingale-Wren: 4 • Southern Nightingale-Wren: 2 • Musician Wren: 2 • Tawny-faced Gnatwren: 5 • Long-billed Gnatwren: 8 • Blue-grey Gnatcatcher: 154 • Black-tailed Gnatcatcher: 16 • California Gnatcatcher: 1 • Cuban Gnatcatcher: 1 • White-lored Gnatcatcher: 5 • Black-capped Gnatcatcher: 5 • Tropical Gnatcatcher: 6 • Pygmy Nuthatch: 47 • Brown-headed Nuthatch: 32 • Red-breasted Nuthatch: 185 • White-breasted Nuthatch: 231 • Brown Creeper: 203 • Grey Catbird: 364 • Black Catbird: 3 • Northern Mockingbird: 353 • Tropical Mockingbird: 16 • Bahama Mockingbird: 11 • Long-tailed Mockingbird: 1 • Sage Thrasher: 94 • Socorro Mockingbird: 3 • Brown Thrasher: 282 • Long-billed Thrasher: 7 • Grey Thrasher: 3 • Bendire's Thrasher: 10 • Ocellated Thrasher: 2 • Curve-billed Thrasher: 26 • California Thrasher: 17 • Crissal Thrasher: 9 • Le Conte's Thrasher: 5 • White-breasted Thrasher: 8 • Blue Mockingbird: 12 • Blue-and-white Mockingbird: 3 • Scaly-breasted Thrasher: 8 • Pearly-eyed Thrasher: 18 • Brown Trembler: 12 • Grey Trembler: 1 • Common Starling: 3 • Varied Thrush: 54 • Eastern Bluebird: 553 • Western Bluebird: 75 • Mountain Bluebird: 118 • Townsend's Solitaire: 54 • Brown-backed Solitaire: 11 • Cuban Solitaire: 5 • Rufous-throated Solitaire: 18 • Black-faced Solitaire: 7 • Slate-colored Solitaire: 5 • Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush: 3 • Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush: 19 • Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush: 5 • Russet Nightingale-Thrush: 4 • Ruddy-capped Nightingale-Thrush: 6 • Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush: 7 • Spotted Nightingale-Thrush: 2 • Veery: 151 • Grey-cheeked Thrush: 43 • Bicknell's Thrush: 2 • Swainson's Thrush: 185 • Hermit Thrush: 255 • Wood Thrush: 211 • Yellow-legged Thrush: 1 • American Bare-eyed Thrush: 2 • Sooty Thrush: 6 • Black Thrush: 5 • Mountain Thrush: 9 • Cocoa Thrush: 4 • Pale-vented Thrush: 4 • Clay-colored Thrush: 32 • White-eyed Thrush: 10 • White-throated Thrush: 21 • Rufous-backed Robin: 4 • Rufous-collared Thrush: 5 • American Robin: 919 • White-chinned Thrush: 6 • Red-legged Thrush: 30 • Forest Thrush: 7 • Bluethroat: 2 • Northern Wheatear: 22 • Aztec Thrush: 4 • Olivaceous Flycatcher: 6 • American Dipper: 90 • House Sparrow: 180 • Eurasian Tree Sparrow: 3 • Bronze Mannikin: 2 • Eastern Yellow Wagtail: 6 • Red-throated Pipit: 1 • Buff-bellied Pipit: 227 • Sprague's Pipit: 22 • Olive Warbler: 5 • European Serin: 1 • Atlantic Canary: 3 • Yellow-fronted Canary: 1 • Jamaican Euphonia: 4 • Scrub Euphonia: 11 • Yellow-crowned Euphonia: 6 • Purple-throated Euphonia: 1 • Violaceous Euphonia: 1 • Thick-billed Euphonia: 5 • Yellow-throated Euphonia: 17 • Elegant Euphonia: 15 • Antillean Euphonia: 17 • Fulvous-vented Euphonia: 4 • Spot-crowned Euphonia: 1 • Olive-backed Euphonia: 7 • White-vented Euphonia: 6 • Tawny-capped Euphonia: 4 • Blue-crowned Chlorophonia: 7 • Golden-browed Chlorophonia: 6 • European Greenfinch: 1 • Pine Siskin: 173 • Black-capped Siskin: 1 • Red Siskin: 3 • Hooded Siskin: 1 • Antillean Siskin: 2 • Black-headed Siskin: 8 • American Goldfinch: 302 • Lesser Goldfinch: 60 • Lawrence's Goldfinch: 11 • European Goldfinch: 6 • Common Redpoll: 199 • Arctic Redpoll: 16 • Common Linnet: 1 • Grey-crowned Rosy Finch: 55 • Purple Finch: 220 • Cassin's Finch: 36 • House Finch: 72 • Pine Grosbeak: 153 • Red Crossbill: 171 • Two-barred Crossbill: 118 • Eurasian Bullfinch: 2 • Evening Grosbeak: 48 • Hooded Grosbeak: 6 • Bachman's Warbler: 9 • Golden-winged Warbler: 101 • Blue-winged Warbler: 100 • Tennessee Warbler: 126 • Orange-crowned Warbler: 111 • Nashville Warbler: 170 • Virginia's Warbler: 10 • Lucy's Warbler: 7 • Flame-throated Warbler: 6 • Crescent-chested Warbler: 7 • Northern Parula: 228 • Tropical Parula: 9 • Chestnut-sided Warbler: 193 • American Yellow Warbler: 448 • Blackpoll Warbler: 193 • Bay-breasted Warbler: 132 • Blackburnian Warbler: 196 • Magnolia Warbler: 177 • Cerulean Warbler: 99 • Cape May Warbler: 121 • Black-throated Blue Warbler: 182 • Yellow-rumped Warbler: 418 • Black-throated Grey Warbler: 38 • Golden-cheeked Warbler: 5 • Black-throated Green Warbler: 186 • Townsend's Warbler: 27 • Hermit Warbler: 26 • Yellow-throated Warbler: 111 • Grace's Warbler: 15 • Prairie Warbler: 104 • Adelaide's Warbler: 6 • Olive-capped Warbler: 3 • Pine Warbler: 138 • Kirtland’s Warbler: 20 • Palm Warbler: 140 • Plumbeous Warbler: 2 • Arrowhead Warbler: 5 • Whistling Warbler: 4 • Black-and-white Warbler: 249 • American Redstart: 305 • Prothonotary Warbler: 58 • Worm-eating Warbler: 100 • Swainson's Warbler: 11 • Ovenbird: 261 • Northern Waterthrush: 198 • Louisiana Waterthrush: 100 • Kentucky Warbler: 76 • Connecticut Warbler: 63 • Mourning Warbler: 117 • MacGillivray's Warbler: 57 • Common Yellowthroat: 329 • Belding's Yellowthroat: 1 • Bahama Yellowthroat: 2 • Black-polled Yellowthroat: 2 • Masked Yellowthroat: 1 • Grey-crowned Yellowthroat: 7 • Yellow-headed Warbler: 4 • Oriente Warbler: 2 • Semper's Warbler: 2 • Hooded Warbler: 117 • Wilson's Warbler: 212 • Canada Warbler: 152 • Red-faced Warbler: 5 • Red Warbler: 14 • Pink-headed Warbler: 1 • Painted Whitestart: 13 • Slate-throated Whitestart: 26 • Collared Whitestart: 7 • Fan-tailed Warbler: 5 • Golden-crowned Warbler: 13 • Rufous-capped Warbler: 22 • Golden-browed Warbler: 6 • Black-cheeked Warbler: 3 • Three-striped Warbler: 2 • Buff-rumped Warbler: 9 • Yellow-breasted Chat: 262 • Red-breasted Chat: 4 • Grey-throated Chat: 6 • Chestnut-headed Oropendola: 18 • Crested Oropendola: 1 • Montezuma Oropendola: 7 • Black Oropendola: 1 • Yellow-rumped Cacique: 2 • Scarlet-rumped Cacique: 6 • Mexican Cacique: 13 • Yellow-billed Cacique: 35 • Venezuelan Troupial: 3 • Spot-breasted Oriole: 8 • Yellow-tailed Oriole: 18 • Martinique Oriole: 4 • St. Lucia Oriole: 2 • Greater Antillean Oriole: 19 • Black-cowled Oriole: 18 • Orchard Oriole: 199 • Hooded Oriole: 26 • Black-vented Oriole: 5 • Bar-winged Oriole: 3 • Scott's Oriole: 11 • Yellow-backed Oriole: 10 • Audubon’s Oriole: 14 • Baltimore Oriole: 298 • Black-backed Oriole: 6 • Bullock's Oriole: 102 • Streak-backed Oriole: 7 • Jamaican Oriole: 9 • Orange Oriole: 2 • Yellow Oriole: 3 • Altamira Oriole: 19 • Jamaican Blackbird: 2 • Giant Cowbird: 11 • Bronzed Cowbird: 24 • Thick-billed Cowbird: 1 • Shiny Cowbird: 1 • Brown-headed Cowbird: 312 • Cuban Blackbird: 6 • Melodious Blackbird: 8 • Red-winged Blackbird: 622 • Red-shouldered Blackbird: 5 • Tricolored Blackbird: 16 • Tawny-shouldered Blackbird: 6 • Yellow-shouldered Blackbird: 5 • Rusty Blackbird: 179 • Brewer's Blackbird: 143 • Common Grackle: 356 • Carib Grackle: 12 • Great-tailed Grackle: 9 • Boat-tailed Grackle: 89 • Slender-billed Grackle: 5 • Greater Antillean Grackle: 23 • Eastern Meadowlark: 308 • Western Meadowlark: 230 • Yellow-headed Blackbird: 176 • Bobolink: 315 • Bananaquit: 66 • McCown's Longspur: 27 • Lapland Longspur: 111 • Smith's Longspur: 18 • Chestnut-collared Longspur: 53 • Snow Bunting: 302 • Lark Bunting: 97 • Fox Sparrow: 271 • Song Sparrow: 377 • Lincoln's Sparrow: 138 • Swamp Sparrow: 134 • Rufous-collared Sparrow: 14 • Harris's Sparrow: 33 • White-crowned Sparrow: 307 • White-throated Sparrow: 225 • Golden-crowned Sparrow: 36 • Volcano Junco: 3 • Dark-eyed Junco: 454 • Yellow-eyed Junco: 13 • Savannah Sparrow: 261 • Seaside Sparrow: 38 • Nelson's Sparrow: 13 • Saltmarsh Sparrow: 29 • Le Conte's Sparrow: 6 • Baird's Sparrow: 12 • Henslow's Sparrow: 48 • Grasshopper Sparrow: 159 • American Tree Sparrow: 189 • Chipping Sparrow: 319 • Field Sparrow: 147 • Black-chinned Sparrow: 8 • Clay-colored Sparrow: 70 • Brewer's Sparrow: 63 • Vesper Sparrow: 253 • Lark Sparrow: 177 • Black-throated Sparrow: 36 • Sage Sparrow: 26 • Stripe-headed Sparrow: 8 • Black-chested Sparrow: 2 • Bridled Sparrow: 3 • Cinnamon-tailed Sparrow: 2 • Rufous-winged Sparrow: 20 • Cassin's Sparrow: 14 • Bachman's Sparrow: 37 • Botteri's Sparrow: 6 • Rufous-crowned Sparrow: 8 • Rusty Sparrow: 14 • Oaxaca Sparrow: 1 • Five-striped Sparrow: 1 • Striped Sparrow: 3 • Green-tailed Towhee: 70 • Collared Towhee: 5 • Spotted Towhee: 134 • Eastern Towhee: 269 • White-throated Towhee: 4 • Canyon Towhee: 44 • Abert's Towhee: 16 • Rusty-crowned Ground Sparrow: 6 • Prevost's Ground Sparrow: 9 • White-eared Ground Sparrow: 9 • Olive Sparrow: 21 • Green-backed Sparrow: 11 • Black-striped Sparrow: 2 • Orange-billed Sparrow: 14 • Chestnut-capped Brush Finch: 24 • Large-footed Finch: 5 • Sooty-faced Finch: 5 • Rufous-capped Brush Finch: 5 • White-naped Brush Finch: 19 • Yellow-thighed Finch: 8 • Dusky-faced Tanager: 2 • Grey-headed Tanager: 8 • Fulvous-crested Tanager: 1 • White-shouldered Tanager: 7 • Tawny-crested Tanager: 7 • White-lined Tanager: 2 • Black-throated Shrike-Tanager: 4 • White-throated Shrike-Tanager: 14 • Crimson-collared Tanager: 13 • Crimson-backed Tanager: 10 • Huallaga Tanager: 1 • Passerini's Tanager: 19 • Flame-rumped Tanager: 7 • Blue-grey Tanager: 30 • Yellow-winged Tanager: 18 • Palm Tanager: 10 • Blue-and-gold Tanager: 2 • Plain-colored Tanager: 3 • Emerald Tanager: 1 • Silver-throated Tanager: 8 • Speckled Tanager: 1 • Bay-headed Tanager: 8 • Rufous-winged Tanager: 1 • Lesser Antillean Tanager: 3 • Golden-hooded Tanager: 18 • Spangle-cheeked Tanager: 3 • Scarlet-thighed Dacnis: 4 • Blue Dacnis: 5 • Shining Honeycreeper: 5 • Red-legged Honeycreeper: 30 • Green Honeycreeper: 11 • Sulphur-rumped Tanager: 1 • Scarlet-browed Tanager: 2 • Black-and-yellow Tanager: 2 • Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer: 9 • Slaty Flowerpiercer: 9 • Peg-billed Finch: 1 • Saffron Finch: 3 • Grassland Yellow Finch: 1 • Blue-black Grassquit: 22 • Variable Seedeater: 20 • Grey Seedeater: 1 • Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater: 23 • Yellow-bellied Seedeater: 1 • Ruddy-breasted Seedeater: 1 • Thick-billed Seed Finch: 6 • Blue Seedeater: 2 • Cuban Bullfinch: 8 • Cuban Grassquit: 7 • Yellow-faced Grassquit: 38 • Black-faced Grassquit: 30 • Yellow-shouldered Grassquit: 3 • Puerto Rican Bullfinch: 4 • Greater Antillean Bullfinch: 13 • Lesser Antillean Bullfinch: 19 • Orangequit: 4 • Cocos Finch: 1 • Common Bush Tanager: 17 • Sooty-capped Bush Tanager: 3 • Yellow-throated Bush Tanager: 3 • Flame-colored Tanager: 11 • Hepatic Tanager: 25 • Summer Tanager: 165 • Rose-throated Tanager: 4 • Scarlet Tanager: 242 • Western Tanager: 79 • White-winged Tanager: 11 • Red-headed Tanager: 1 • Red-crowned Ant Tanager: 20 • Red-throated Ant Tanager: 4 • Puerto Rican Tanager: 2 • Black-crowned Tanager: 5 • Grey-crowned Tanager: 1 • Western Spindalis: 20 • Puerto Rican Spindalis: 5 • Jamaican Spindalis: 1 • Rosy Thrush-Tanager: 9 • Dickcissel: 176 • Mexican Yellow Grosbeak: 1 • Black-thighed Grosbeak: 12 • Rose-breasted Grosbeak: 217 • Black-headed Grosbeak: 107 • Northern Cardinal: 357 • Vermilion Cardinal: 1 • Pyrrhuloxia: 14 • Black-faced Grosbeak: 11 • Crimson-collared Grosbeak: 4 • Slate-colored Grosbeak: 5 • Black-headed Saltator: 23 • Buff-throated Saltator: 28 • Greyish Saltator: 20 • Lesser Antillean Saltator: 14 • Streaked Saltator: 2 • Blue-black Grosbeak: 14 • Blue Bunting: 10 • Blue Grosbeak: 106 • Indigo Bunting: 251 • Lazuli Bunting: 96 • Varied Bunting: 11 • Painted Bunting: 78 • Rose-bellied Bunting: 2 • Orange-breasted Bunting: 6 • Bird bone artifact: 12 • Bird bone awl: 5 • Bird bone whistle: 5 • Bird bundle: 9 • Bird burial: 3 • Bird effigy: 225 • Bird effigy calumet: 26 • Bird effigy whistle: 2 • Bird fetish: 2 • Bird figurine: 5 • Bird-head effigy: 11 • Bird hieroglyph: 6 • Bird petroglyph: 61 • Bird pictograph: 22 • Owl petroglyph: 7 • Owl pictograph: 1 • Bird-motif garment: 98 • Bird-item blanket: 3 • Bird illustration: 1 • Birdstone: 1 • Bird motif pottery: 10 • Bird shell engraving: 2 • Bird skins: 11 • Bird stone sculpture: 1 • Bird decoy: 3 • Bird feather artifact: 10 • Bird feather fan: 13 Taxonomic sequence based on a 2008 list, but which will be updated some the decision is made to deal with this situation, as the people working on this topic are continually changing their lists, which makes it a drudge of a task to stay current. Perhaps any bird lists should just be presented in alphabetic order!

There are a number of other means of analysis, such as records per state, species per state, distribution of each species, variations in distributions, etc. but that would require so much more than is the intent of this essay.

Further details would be pending.

A Special Thanks

There aren't any particular people that deserve any particular thanks for assistance.

In many instances the opposite applies. Information was requested, yet nothing was provided. This is particularly appropriate in one case, in trying to determine the modern equivalents for the birds noted by Sloane in Jamaica.

Despite efforts during the past year, in communication with someone that developed a whole book on species and references, asking pertinent personnel in Jamaica, and after more than one inquiry to the British museum which is the repository for the Sloane material, it has still not been possible to resolve the name. One comment heard was "Why should we do your research?" How self-limiting was this view taken when asked, instead of perhaps showing an interest sufficient to determining what species had been observed. This was obviously not the view for those asked, and knowing the modern names remains something unable to determine.

It has seemed to be the opposite in this effort, that the documentary effort has been used to improve record-keeping. This is applicable to the material in the online database of the Smithsonian Institution, which is a premier source for anyone doing an evaluation of historic ornithology. There is a caveat though, look closely at the details, as there are errors in the data, and it is certainly worthwhile to have a critical eye when looking at records, and provide feedback to improve its quality. This has been done repeatedly, with great results, as the discrepancies were changed and the record accuracy improved.

There is only a single woman living in Carthage that deserves the biggest hug of gratitude. Without her patience and eventual understanding, working on this project and gathering the huge amount of information would not have been possible. To you I express a special and heartfelt thanks!

Importance of Historic Ornithology

Onward this endeavour goes with a profound appreciation for the experience it has provided and a hope its value will be realized! Understanding distribution of birds in the past is essential for comparison to peresnet and future considerations.

Some day, perhaps, this database information will be available online for all to consider, enjoy, and understand. Wouldn't it be grand to simply click a few times to determine the calendar of warbler migration that can be derived from the astute observations of Mr. Mearns, in the Hudson Highlands.

Why can't this dataset be integrated with other efforts to provide a record of bird phenology from the 1860s into the modern era? How this can be developed is a prime consideration, but a laudatory goal that can be easily accomplished with the resources available now.

It would be so grand to click on a map to see the distribution of the Passenger Pigeon for any particular decade, and then select an option to see how this range varies through the years until the species becomes extinct. Or what was the historic distribution of the Whooping Crane, or Carolina Parakeet.

The information is now available, but accessible to only one person in the whole world. This should not be the situation, as it is obvious that others would appreciate being able to learn more, and perhaps make a contribution. The scientific value would be simply priceless.

The history of the birds deserves its own place of importance, in the growing awareness of people working to realize the value of understanding the essentials, and sublime, of historic ornithology.